Abstract
Analysis has been carried out to study the stagnation point flow of Maxwell fluid towards a permeable stretching sheet in the presence of nanoparticles. Using suitable transformations, the governing partial differential equations are first converted to ordinary one and then solved numerically by fourth–fifth order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method with MAPLE. The flow and heat transfer characteristics are analyzed and discussed for different values of the parameters. Present work reveals that the velocity increases whereas the temperature and concentration decrease with the increase of Maxwell parameter. The thermal and concentration boundary layer thickness decreases with velocity ratio, Lewis number, Prandtl number suction, Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters. Comparison with known results for Newtonian fluid flow is found an excellent agreement.
Keywords
Stagnation point flow; Maxwell fluid; Permeable surface; Nanoparticles; Numerical solution
Nomenclature
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A} - velocity ratio
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle c} - stretching rate
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle C_f} - skin friction
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle c_p} - specific heat
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle C} - nanoparticle volume fraction
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle D_B} - Brownian diffusion coefficient
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle D_T} - thermophoresis diffusion coefficient
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb} - Brownian motion parameter
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt} - thermophoresis parameter
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {Nu}_x} - local Nusselt number
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Le} - Lewis number
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Pr} - Prandtl number
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {Sh}_x} - local Sherwood number
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle T} - temperature of the fluid
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle T_w} - temperature at the wall
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle T_{\infty }} - ambient fluid temperature
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle u\mbox{,}v} - velocity components along Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y}
directions
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle U_w} - stretching sheet velocity
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle U} - free stream velocity
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x} - coordinate along the stretching sheet
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y} - distance normal to the stretching sheet
Greek symbols
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \nu } - kinematic viscosity
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \phi } - rescaled nanoparticle volume fraction
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {\rho }_f} - density of the base fluid
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {\rho }_p} - density of the particles
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \lambda } - suction parameter
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta } - Maxwell parameter
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \theta } - dimensionless temperature
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \eta } - similarity variable
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \alpha } - thermal diffusivity
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {\tau }_w} - wall shearing stress
1. Introduction
There is no doubt that human society development greatly depends upon energy. However the rapid development of human society during the past few years leads to the shortage of global energy and the serious environmental protection. Sustainable energy generation in recent time is thus a challenging issue globally. Solar energy in which circumstances has been regarded one of the best sources of renewable energy via least environmental impact. Solar power in fact is a natural way of obtaining water, heat and electricity. Power tower solar collectors could benefit from the potential efficiency improvements that arise from using a nanofluid as a working fluid. Particle size of nanomaterial is similar or smaller than the wavelength of de Broglie and coherent waves. It is now recognized that solar thermal system with nanofluids becomes the new study hotspot.
On the other hand several industrial fluids are non-Newtonian in their flow characteristics. In a Newtonian fluid, the shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain, whereas in a non-Newtonian fluid, the relationship between the shear stress and the rate of shear strain is nonlinear. Most of the particulate slurries such as china clay and coal in water, multiphase mixtures such as oil–water emulsions, paints, synthetic lubricants, and biological fluids including blood at low shear rate, synovial fluid, and saliva and foodstuffs such as jams, jellies, soups, and marmalades are examples of non-Newtonian fluids. Because of the large variety of the non-Newtonian fluids, many models of non-Newtonian fluids exist. Maxwell model is one subclass of rate type fluids. This fluid model predicts the relaxation time effects. Such effects cannot be predicted by differential-type fluids. This fluid model is especially useful for polymers of low molecular weight. A review of non-Newtonian fluid flow problems may be found in [1], [2] and [3].
Initially, Sakiadis [4] introduced the concept of boundary layer flow over a moving surface. Crane [5] modified the idea introduced by Sakiadis and extended this concept linear stretching sheet. Flow in the neighborhood of stagnation point in a plane was first studied by Hiemenz [6]. Mahapatra and Gupta [7], [8] and [9] investigated the magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point flow towards a stretching sheet. They shown that the velocity at a point decreases/increases with increase in the magnetic field when the free stream velocity is less/greater than the stretching velocity. Also they have studied the temperature distribution when the surface has constant temperature and constant heat flux. Further they have extended their work on power law fluid and discussed the uniqueness of solutions of stagnation-point flow towards a stretching surface. Accordingly, researchers in the [10], [11], [12] and [13] studied the stagnation point flow over a surface.
Aforementioned studies were primarily concerned with the laminar flow of a clear fluid. Nanotechnology is an emerging research topic having extensive use in industry due to the unique chemical and physical properties which the nano-sized materials possess. These fluids are colloidal suspensions, typically metals, oxides, carbides or carbon nanotubes in a base fluid. The term nanofluid was coined by Choi [14] in his seminal paper presented in 1995 at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting. It refers to fluids containing a dispersion of submicronic solid particles (nanoparticles) with typical length of the order of 1–50 nm. Kuznetsov and Nield [15] analytically studied the natural convective boundary layer flow of nanofluid past a vertical plate. Khan and Pop [16] first time studied the problem of laminar fluid flow resulting from the stretching of a flat surface in a nanofluid. Mustafa et al. [17] investigated the stagnation point flow of viscous nanofluid towards a stretching surface using homotopy analysis method. Alsaedi et al. [18] examined the influence of heat generation/absorption on the stagnation point flow of nanofluid towards a linear stretching surface. Rahman et al. [19] examined the dynamics of natural convection boundary layer flow of water based nanofluids over a wedge. They discussed the analysis in the presence of a transverse magnetic field with internal heat generation or absorption. Nandy and Mahapatra [20] analyzed the effects of velocity slip and heat generation/absorption on magnetohydrodynamic stagnation-point flow and heat transfer over a stretching/shrinking surface and then obtained the solution numerically using fourth order Runga–Kutta method with the help of shooting technique. Different from a stretching sheet, it was found that the solutions for a shrinking sheet are non-unique. Makinde et al. [21] studied the combined effects of buoyancy force, convective heating, Brownian motion and thermophoresis on the stagnation point flow and heat transfer of an electrically conducting nanofluid towards a stretching sheet. Effect of magnetic field on stagnation point flow and heat transfer due to nanofluid towards a stretching sheet has been investigated by Ibrahim et al. [22]. Nadeem et al. [23] and [24] reported the numerical solutions of non-Newtonian nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet using the Maxwell fluid model. Further they obtained the analytic solution for non-orthogonal stagnation point flow of a nanosecond grade fluid toward a stretching surface with heat transfer. Hady et al. [25] studied the natural convection boundary-layer flow over a downward-pointing vertical cone in a porous medium saturated with a power-law nanofluid in the presence of heat generation or absorption. Unsteady boundary layer flow of viscous nanofluid with thermal radiation has been discussed by Khan et al. [26]. Sheikholeslami et al. [27] examined the natural convection flow of nanofluid in the presence of magnetic field. MHD flow of viscous nanofluid due to rotating disk is addressed by Rashidi et al. [28]. Turkyilmazoglu and Pop [29] discussed thermal radiation effect in unsteady natural convection flow of nanofluids past a vertical infinite plate. Mohamad et al. [30] examined Hiemenz flow of nanofluid due to porous wedge. Turkyilmazoglu [31] and [32] explores slip and convection effects in the flow of nanofluids. Nadeem et al. [33] analyzed the flow of three-dimensional water-based nanofluid over an exponentially stretching sheet. Very recently Ramesh and Gireesha [34] and [35] studied the heat source/sink effects on Maxwell fluid over a stretching surface with convective boundary condition in the presence of nanoparticles, and also obtained the numerical solution of the influence of heat source on stagnation point flow towards a stretching surface of a Jeffrey nanoliquid.
In this paper, we study the behavior of the stagnation point flow of Maxwell fluid towards a stretching sheet in the presence of nanoparticles. The sheet is taken permeable. Similarity transforms are used for this problem, and non-dimensionalized equations are solved numerically. Graphical results for various values of the parameters are presented to gain thorough insight towards the physics of the problem. To the best of our knowledge, this problem has not been studied before.
2. Mathematical analysis
Consider the flow of an incompressible non-Newtonian Maxwell fluid in the region Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y>0}
driven by a stretching surface located at Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y=0}
with a fixed stagnation point at Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x=0}
. The Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y}
axes are chosen along and perpendicular to the sheet. The stretching velocity Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle U_w(x)}
and the ambient fluid velocity Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle U(x)}
are assumed to vary linearly from the stagnation point, i.e., Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle U_w(x)=cx}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle U(x)=bx}
where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle c}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle b}
are rate constant.
We assume that flow is laminar, steady and two-dimensional. The sheet is flat and permeable, and the temperature Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle T}
and the nanoparticle fraction Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle C}
take constant values Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle T_w}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle C_w}
respectively. The ambient values attained as Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y}
tend to infinity of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle T}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle C}
denoted by Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle T_{\infty }}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle C_{\infty }}
respectively. All the thermo-physical properties are taken constant.
The flow problem under consideration is governed by the following boundary layer equations:
|
(1) |
|
(2) |
|
(3) |
|
(4) |
where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle u}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v}
are the velocity components along the Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y}
axes, respectively. Further, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \alpha \mbox{,}\quad {\rho }_f\mbox{,}\quad {\rho }_p\mbox{,}\quad \nu \mbox{,}\quad T}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle T_{\infty }}
are respectively the thermal diffusivity, density of the base fluid, density of the particles, kinematic viscosity of the fluid, fluid temperature and ambient fluid temperature. Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle k_0}
is the relaxation time of the UCM fluid, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle D_B}
is the Brownian diffusion coefficient, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle D_T}
is the thermophoresis diffusion coefficient and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle c_p}
is the specific heat at constant pressure. Here Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \tau }
is the ratio of the effective heat capacity of the nanoparticle material and the heat capacity of the ordinary fluid and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle C}
is the nanoparticle volume fraction.
The associated boundary conditions for the present problem are
|
(5) |
where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle U_w(x)=cx}
is the stretching sheet velocity, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle c>0}
this is known as stretching rate. Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle T_w}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle C_w}
are the temperature of fluid and nanoparticles fraction at wall, and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle C_{\infty }}
is ambient nanoparticle volume fraction.
To employing the generalized Bernoulli’s equation, in the free stream Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle U(x)=bx}
Eq. (2) reduces to
|
(6) |
Using (6) into (2) one can obtain
|
(7) |
The specific forms of the stretching velocity and the surface temperature and concentration are chosen to allow the coupled nonlinear partial differential Eqs. (1), (2), (3) and (4) to be converted to a set of coupled, nonlinear ordinary differential equations by the similarity transformation
|
(8) |
where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \eta }
is the similarity variable, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle f\mbox{,}\quad \theta }
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \phi }
are the dimensionless stream function, temperature and concentration respectively. The velocity components Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle u}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v}
in Eq. (8) automatically satisfy the continuity Eq. (1). In terms of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle f(\eta )\mbox{,}\quad \theta (\eta )}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \phi (\eta )}
the momentum Eq. (2), energy Eq. (3) and concentration Eq. (4) can be written as
|
(9) |
|
(10) |
|
(11) |
Here Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle f^{{'}}}
represents an ordinary derivative with respect to Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \eta }
and the corresponding boundary conditions in the non-dimensional form are
|
(12) |
The dimensionless parameters in Eqs. (9), (10) and (11) are Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A=\frac{c}{b}}
is the ratio of rates of velocities, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta =k_0c}
is the Maxwell parameter, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \lambda =\frac{V_w}{{\left(\nu c\right)}^{1/2}}}
is suction parameter, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb=\frac{\tau D_B(C_w-C_{\infty })}{\nu }}
is the Brownian motion, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt=\frac{\tau D_T(T_w-T_{\infty })}{\nu T_{\infty }}}
is the thermophoresis parameter, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Le=\frac{\alpha }{D_B}}
is the Lewis number and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Pr=\frac{\nu }{\alpha }}
is the Prandtl number.
For practical purposes, the functions Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle f(\eta )\mbox{,}\quad \theta (\eta )}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \phi (\eta )}
allow us to determine the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number respectively.
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(13) |
where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {Re}_x=\frac{{xU}_w(x)}{\nu }}
is the local Reynolds number.
3. Numerical solutions
Numerical solutions to the governing ordinary differential Eqs. (9), (10) and (11) with the boundary conditions (12) are obtained using a fourth–fifth order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method with the help of MAPLE to obtain the missing values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle f^{{''}}(0)\mbox{,}\quad {\theta }^{{'}}(0)}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {\phi }^{{'}}(0)}
. The problem for a regular (non-Newtonian) fluid involves four parameters, namely Maxwell parameter, Prandtl number, suction parameter, and velocity ratio parameters. The present extension involves three more parameters Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb\mbox{,}\quad Le}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt}
. Therefore, we need to be very selective in the choice of the values of the parameters. Since most nanofluids examined to date have large values of the Lewis number Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Le} , we are interested mainly in the case Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Le\geqslant 1} . Because the physical domain in this problem is unbounded, whereas the computational domain has to be finite, we apply the far field boundary conditions for the similarity variable g at a finite value denoted here by Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {\eta }_{\mbox{max}}\mbox{.}}
We run our bulk computations with the value Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {\eta }_{\mbox{max}}=5}
, which was sufficient to achieve the far field boundary conditions asymptotically for all values of the parameters considered. Researchers can solve the above nonlinear differential equations analytically see [36] and [37].
4. Result and discussion
In order to validate the method used in this study and to judge the accuracy of the present analysis, a comparison with available results corresponding to the skin-friction coefficient Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle f^{{''}}(0)}
and Nusselt number Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\theta }^{{'}}(0)}
for Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt=Nb=Le=0}
(in the absence of nanoparticles), Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta =0}
(in the absence of Maxwell parameter) and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \lambda =0}
(i.e. for stretching impermeable plate) with the available published results of Mahapatra and Gupta [8], Ibrahim et al. [22], and Hayat et al. [40] for various values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}
is made and presented in Table 1 and Table 2. A comparison is also made with Nusselt number Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\theta }^{{'}}(0)}
in the presence of nanoparticles (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta =A=\lambda =0\mbox{,}}
the absence of Maxwell parameter, velocity rates ratio and suction) for various values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt}
, which can be seen in Table 3. These show a favorable agreement and thus give confidence that the numerical results obtained are accurate.
| Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A} | Mahapatra and Gupta [8] | Hayat et al. [40] | Ibrahim et al. [22] | Present study |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.01 | – | −0.9982 | −0.9980 | −0.9991 |
| 0.1 | −0.9694 | −0.9695 | −0.9694 | −0.9696 |
| 0.2 | −0.9181 | −0.9181 | −0.9181 | −0.9181 |
| 0.5 | −0.6673 | −0.6673 | −0.6673 | −0.6672 |
| 2.0 | 2.0175 | 2.0176 | 2.0175 | 2.0175 |
| 3.0 | 4.7293 | 4.7296 | 4.7292 | 4.7292 |
| Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Pr} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A} | Mahapatra and Gupta [8] | Hayat et al. [40] | Ibrahim et al. [22] | Present study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.1 | 0.603 | 0.6021 | 0.6022 | 0.6048 |
| 0.2 | 0.625 | 0.6244 | 0.6245 | 0.6256 | |
| 0.5 | 0.692 | 0.6924 | 0.6924 | 0.6925 | |
| 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.777 | 0.7768 | 0.7768 | 0.7769 |
| 0.2 | 0.797 | 0.7971 | 0.7971 | 0.7971 | |
| 0.5 | 0.863 | 0.8647 | 0.8648 | 0.8647 | |
| Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt} | Khan and Pop [12] | Present study Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\theta }^{{''}}(0)} | Errors |
|---|---|---|---|
| Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb=0.1} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb=0.1} | ||
| 0.1 | 0.9524 | 0.9523 | 0.0001 |
| 0.3 | 0.5201 | 0.5200 | 0.0001 |
| 0.5 | 0.3211 | 0.3210 | 0.0001 |
Fig. 1 exhibits the velocity profiles for several values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A} . It is found that when the stretching velocity is less than the free stream velocity Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \left(A>1\right)} , the flow has a boundary layer structure, physically saying that the straining motion near the stagnation region increases so the acceleration of the external stream increases which leads to decrease in the thickness of the boundary layer with increase in Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A} . When the stretching velocity Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle cx}
of the surface exceeds the free stream velocity Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle bx}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \left(A<1\right)}
inverted boundary layer structure is formed and for Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A=1}
there is no boundary layer formation because the stretching velocity is equal to the free stream velocity. The temperature and concentration profiles for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}
with other fixed parameter are presented in Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively. It can be seen from these figures that both Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \theta (\eta )}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \phi (\eta )}
decrease with increase in Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}
.
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Figure 1. Velocity profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A} . |
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Figure 2. Temperature profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A} . |
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Figure 3. Concentration profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A} . |
Fig. 4, shows plots for velocity distribution for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta } . When Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A<1}
the velocity increases with the increase of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta }
, and hence the boundary layer thickness decreases. Similar effect can be found when Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A>1} . Converse part can be seen when increase of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta } , shows decrease in temperature Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \theta }
and concentration Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \phi }
profiles see the Figure 5 and Figure 6. This is exactly opposite effects for regular Maxwell fluid in the absence of nanoparticles.
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Figure 4. Velocity profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta } . |
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Figure 5. Temperature profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta } . |
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Figure 6. Concentration profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta } . |
The graph of velocity profile Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle f^{{'}}}
versus Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \eta }
for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \lambda }
is plotted in Fig. 7. It is found that for a fixed value of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A<1}
the velocity decreases with the increase of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \lambda }
. The velocity profiles tends asymptotically to the horizontal axis, and the non-dimensional velocities absorbs maximum at the wall. It is fact that suction stabilizes the boundary layer growth. At Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A>1}
the velocity increases with the increase of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \lambda }
. It is also interesting to note that there is a significant enhancement of temperature and concentration at the wall, when it is porous. The temperature and concentration profiles start to decrease monotonically from the very beginning which can be seen from Figure 8 and Figure 9.
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Figure 7. Velocity profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \lambda } . |
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Figure 8. Temperature profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \lambda } . |
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Figure 9. Concentration profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \lambda } . |
Figure 10 and Figure 11, illustrate the variations of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \theta }
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \phi }
with Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \eta }
for various values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb}
. It is found that the increase in the value of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb}
is to increase Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \theta (\eta )}
in the boundary layer, whereas concentration boundary layer reduces as Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb}
increases which thereby enhances the nanoparticles concentration at the sheet. The graph of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt}
on the Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \theta }
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \phi }
profiles is depicted in Figure 12 and Figure 13. From these plots, it is observed that the effect of increasing values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt}
is to increase the temperature and concentration profiles. Fig. 14, displays the effect of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Le}
on concentration profiles. It is noted that the concentration of fluid decreases with increase of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Le}
. Physically this is due to the fact that mass transfer rate increases as Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Le}
increases. It also reveals that the concentration gradient at surface of the plate increases.
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Figure 10. Temperature profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb} . |
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Figure 11. Concentration profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb} . |
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Figure 12. Temperature profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt} . |
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Figure 13. Concentration profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt} . |
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Figure 14. Concentration profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Le} . |
Temperature and concentration profiles for the selected values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Pr}
are plotted in Figure 15 and Figure 16. The graph depicts that the temperature decreases when the values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Pr} increase. This is due to the fact that a higher Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Pr} fluid has relatively low thermal conductivity, which reduces conduction and thereby the thermal boundary layer thickness, and as a result, temperature decreases. We note that the Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb\mbox{,}\quad Nt\mbox{,}\quad Le} and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Pr} have no influence on the flow field, which is clear from Eq. (9). Figure 17 and Figure 18 show that the variations Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\theta }^{{'}}(0)} and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\phi }^{{'}}(0)}
. From these graph we observe that Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\theta }^{{'}}(0)}
decreases with the increase of Nt Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\phi }^{{'}}(0)}
increases with the increase of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt}
. It is also noted that in the absence of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta \mbox{,}\quad A}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \lambda }
our results are similar to those by Khan and Pop (Newtonian fluid). From Figure 17 and Figure 18 one can see Nusselt and Sherwood number for that non-Newtonian fluid is higher than the Newtonian fluid.
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Figure 15. Temperature profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Pr} . |
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Figure 16. Concentration profile for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Pr} . |
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Figure 17. Variation of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\theta }^{{'}}(0)} with Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt}
for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb}
. |
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|
Figure 18. Variation of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\phi }^{{'}}(0)} with Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt}
for different values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb}
. |
From Table 4 one can see that the skin friction coefficient Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle f^{{''}}(0)}
is negative at Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A<1}
. Physically, negative value of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle f^{{''}}(0)}
means the surface exerts a drag force on the fluid, and positive value means the opposite. This is not surprising since in the present problem, we consider the case of a stretching sheet, which induces the flow. Negative value of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {\theta }^{{'}}(0)}
means that the heat flows from the fluid to the solid surface. This is not surprising since the fluid is hotter than the solid surface. In the future, the same problem can be extended to power law fluid see [38] and [39].
| Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta } | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \lambda } | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Le} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Pr} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -f^{{''}}(0)} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\phi }^{{''}}(0)} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\theta }^{{''}}(0)} |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0. 2 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3 | 1.1465 | 0.9255 | 1.8027 |
| 0.1 | 1.1605 | 0.9264 | 1.8025 | |||||
| 0.2 | 1.1745 | 0.9274 | 1.8024 | |||||
| 0.2 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3 | 0.9333 | 0.7313 | 0.9265 |
| 0.1 | 0.9814 | 0.7730 | 1.0848 | |||||
| 0.5 | 1.1745 | 0.9274 | 1.8024 | |||||
| 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3 | 1.1745 | 0.9274 | 1.8024 |
| 2 | 1.1745 | 2.8591 | 1.6933 | |||||
| 3 | 1.1745 | 4.6009 | 1.6406 | |||||
| 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3 | 1.1745 | 0.9274 | 1.8024 |
| 0.3 | 1.1745 | 2.0012 | 1.2903 | |||||
| 1.0 | 1.1745 | 2.2960 | 0.3260 | |||||
| 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 3 | 1.1745 | 2.1467 | 1.9526 |
| 0.1 | 1.1745 | 0.9274 | 1.8024 | |||||
| 0.3 | 1.1745 | -1.0223 | 1.5126 | |||||
| 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2 | 1.1745 | 0.5903 | 1.4193 |
| 3 | 1.1745 | 2.1467 | 1.9526 | |||||
| 7 | 1.1745 | 2.6723 | 2.5741 | |||||
5. Conclusions
In the present investigation, the influence of different parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles is illustrated and discussed. The numerical results give a view toward understanding the response characteristics of the stagnation point flow of a Maxwell fluid in the presence of nanoparticles and suction. It is found that boundary layer is formed when Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A>1}
on the other hand inverted boundary layer is formed when Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A<1}
. Some results of thermal characteristics at the wall are usually analyzed from the numerical results and the same are documented in Table 4 and Table 5. Analyzing this table, it reveals that the effects of increasing the values of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta }
are to increase Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -f^{{''}}(0)}
and decrease the Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\phi }^{{'}}(0)\mbox{,}}
whereas for Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A<1}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -\theta (0)}
increases but decreases at Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A>1}
. Also one can observe that there is no change in Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -f^{{''}}(0)} , when Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Le\mbox{,}\quad Nb\mbox{,}\quad Nt}
and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Pr}
vary.
| Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta } | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \lambda } | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Le} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nb} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Nt} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle Pr} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle f^{{''}}(0)} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\phi }^{{''}}(0)} | Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -{\theta }^{{''}}(0)} |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3 | 2.3101 | 1.3887 | 2.0733 |
| 0.1 | 2.4135 | 1.3946 | 2.0783 | |||||
| 0.2 | 2.5208 | 1.4005 | 2.0833 | |||||
| 0.2 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3 | 2.1145 | 1.1966 | 1.2519 |
| 0.1 | 2.1961 | 1.2425 | 1.4047 | |||||
| 0.5 | 2.5208 | 1.4005 | 2.0833 | |||||
| 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3 | 2.5208 | 1.4005 | 2.0833 |
| 2 | 2.5208 | 3.3331 | 1.9733 | |||||
| 3 | 2.5208 | 5.0605 | 1.9174 | |||||
| 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3 | 2.5208 | 1.4005 | 2.0833 |
| 0.3 | 2.5208 | 2.4373 | 1.4901 | |||||
| 1.0 | 2.5208 | 2.7057 | 0.3756 | |||||
| 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 3 | 2.5208 | 2.5340 | 2.2752 |
| 0.1 | 2.5208 | 1.4005 | 2.0833 | |||||
| 0.3 | 2.5208 | -0.1647 | 1.7155 | |||||
| 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2 | 2.5208 | 1.0058 | 1.7290 |
| 3 | 2.5208 | 1.4005 | 2.0833 | |||||
| 7 | 2.5208 | 3.2781 | 2.7331 | |||||
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