A Fractional Semi-Analytical Iterative Method for the Approximate Treatment of Fisher’s Equations_prueba_latex

Abstract

This study presents a novel fractional semi-analytical iterative approach for solving nonlinear fractional Fisher's equations using the Caputo fractional operator. The primary objective is to provide a method that yields exact solutions to nonlinear fractional equations without requiring assumptions about nonlinear terms. By applying the Temimi-Ansari Method (TAM) with fractional calculus, this approach offers a robust solution to the time-fractional nonlinear Fisher's equation, a model relevant in fields such as population dynamics, tumor growth, and gene propagation. In this work, tables and graphical illustrations show that the proposed method minimizes computational complexity and delivers significant accuracy across multiple cases of Fisher's equations. The findings indicate that TAM with fractional order derivatives provides accurate, efficient approximations with reduced computational workload, showcasing the technique's potential for addressing a wide range of nonlinear fractional differential equations.

Revista Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para Cálculo y Diseño en Ingeniería

(¹)

(²) #1

OPEN ACCESS

Received: 19/07/2024

Accepted: 01/11/2024

DOI

10.23967/j.rimni.2024.10.56315

Keywords:

Fractional calculus fisher's equation temimi-ansari method (TAM) semi-analytical iterative method numerical results

1 Introduction

Recently, it has been shown that fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs), which date back to 1695 , are superior in simulating the memory and hereditary features of complex materials. As a result, FPDEs are increasingly being included in the investigation of practical applications such as system identification, seepage in fractal media, anomalous diffusion, polymers and proteins, viscoelastic mechanics, and more [1-5].

With the rapid growth of nonlinear science, engineers and scientists have become increasingly concerned with approximate and asymptotic methods for solving nonlinear problems, especially in fields like solid-state physics, plasma physics, and fluid mechanics. In many branches of science and engineering, the exact or numerical solutions of FPDEs are crucial. However, finding these solutions remains challenging, necessitating the development of novel approaches. Most new nonlinear equations lack exact analytic solutions, leading to the widespread use of numerical and analytical

approaches, such as the expansion method [6], Adomian decomposition method [7], perturbation techniques [8,9], Lyapunov's artificial small parameter method [10], homotopy perturbation Sumudu transform method [11], weighted finite difference method [12], homotopy analysis transform method [13-15], and He's semi-inverse method [16], fractional sub-equation method [17], Laplace residual power series method [18], homotopy transform perturbation method [19], fractional reduced differential transform method [20] and so on. These techniques often have inherent fiaws, such as the calculation of Lagrange multipliers, divergent results, Adomian's polynomials, and extensive computational work. To address these issues, Temimi and Ansari developed the Temimi-Ansari method (TAM) [21-23], which overcomes many of the limitations of existing analytical methods. This work aims to extend the use of TAM, employing Caputo's operator to derive approximate solutions to the time-fractional nonlinear Fisher's equation.

Over the past few decades, numerous researchers have worked on numerically investigating Fisher's reaction-diffusion equation. For instance, Kudreyko and Cattani examined solutions to Fisher's equation using the wavelet-Galerkin approach [24], while Ablowitz and Zepetella explored traveling wave solutions [25]. Other researchers used the allowable stress design (ASD) method, Sinc collocation methods, and least-squares finite element methods [26-28]. Larson studied the transient behavior and time-dependent asymptotic convergence of solutions [29], while Mickens created a novel category of finite difference techniques to address the problem [30]. For the nonlinear Fisher's reactiondiffusion problem, the modified cubic B-spline differential quadrature technique has been expanded to include a classic differential quadrature technique [31].

Many researchers have offered diverse approaches for solving the Fisher's equations analytically. For example, Yadav et al. used the fractional-order homotopy analysis method (HAM) [32], while Mirzazadeh used the fractional differential transform method to solve the nonlinear Fisher's equation [33]. The homotopy perturbation method (HPM) method was utilized to find analytical solutions and calculate the absolute error of the solution [34]. Fisher-type equations have also been studied analytically using the Laplace homotopy perturbation approach [35]. Additionally, the optimum homotopy asymptotic approach has been utilized to provide approximate solutions to the Fisher equation [36]. The Shehu transformation and homotopy perturbation approach have been employed to describe the fractional analysis of Fisher's equations [37], a nonlinear model that combines linear diffusion and nonlinear growth, taking the following form:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{\tau }=\varpi _{\zeta \zeta }+\alpha \left(1-\varpi ^{\beta }\right)(\varpi{-\xi}), 0<\xi{<1}} .

Fisher presented the equation as a gene selection model where the positive constant Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \alpha }

represents the reaction factor, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \beta }
represents the growth rates or reaction terms, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \xi }
indicates a spatial or nondimensional variable or parameter and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \omega }
indicates population density. This equation describes populations, which can refer to tumor cells, humans, or fish. Fisher's equation explains the wave of beneficial genes advancing. The equation has garnered interest from scholars due to its numerous applications across various fields of engineering and science. It appears in contexts such as neurophysiology and nuclear reactor theory.

The arrangement of the study is as follows: The introduction is given in the first part. We present some necessary fractional calculus principles in the second part, which will be applied in this study. The foundational idea of the fractional order TAM, which is utilized to forecast fractional differential equation solutions, is covered in the third part. The suggested method is used to solve the nonlinear Fisher's problem in the fourth part. The results are finally presented in Section 5.

2 Preliminaries

Distinct thoughts of fractional calculus have been developed during the last hundreds of years, among them the AB fractional derivative operator, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{F}}

fractional integral operator, Caputo fractional derivative operator, Riemann-Liouville (R-L) fractional derivative operator and others [38,39].

Definition 1

The fractional integral operator of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \mathrm{R}-\mathrm{L}}

of a function Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \bar{\sigma }(\tau ) \in C_{r}, v \geq{-1}}
is acquainted as

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \mathcal{J}_{0}^{\theta } \varpi (\tau )= \begin{cases}\frac{1}{\Gamma (\theta{+1)}} \int _{0}^{\tau } \varpi (\tau )(d \tau )^{\theta }=\frac{1}{\Gamma (\theta )} \int _{0}^{\tau }(\tau{-\varepsilon})^{\theta{-1}} \varpi (\varepsilon ) d \varepsilon , & \tau , \theta{>0}, \\ \varpi (t), & \theta=0 .\end{cases}}

Definition 2

The Caputo fractional differential operator of order Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \theta{>0}}

is defined as

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \mathfrak{J}^{k-\theta } \mathfrak{D}^{k} \varpi (\tau )=\mathfrak{D}_{*}^{\theta } \varpi (\tau )= \begin{cases}\frac{d^{k}}{d \tau ^{k}} \varpi (\tau ), & \theta =k \in \mathbb{N}, \\ \frac{1}{\Gamma (k-\theta )} \int _{\varepsilon }^{\tau }(\tau{-\varepsilon})^{k-\theta{-1}} \varpi ^{(k)}(\varepsilon ) d \varepsilon , & k-1<\theta \leq k \in \mathbb{N} .\end{cases}

3 Construction of Fractional TAM

To characterize the essential concept of the suggested technique, we consider the generic nonhomogeneous FPDE as [21-23]

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi (\varpi (\zeta , \tau ))+\Theta (\varpi (\zeta , \tau ))=p(\zeta , \tau ), k-1<\theta \leq k}

with the boundary conditions

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \mathfrak{B}\left(\varpi , \frac{\partial \varpi }{\partial \zeta }\right)=0} ,

where the Caputo fractional operator of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}

is indicated by Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi =\mathfrak{D}_{\tau }^{\theta }=\frac{\partial ^{\theta }}{\partial \tau ^{\ominus }}}

, with Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Theta }

indicating the general differential operators, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}
represents the nameless function, the independent variable is denoted by Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \zeta }

, the dependent variable is denoted by Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \tau } . The recognized continuous functions are represented by Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \mathrm{H}(\zeta , \tau )} , and the boundary operator is indicated by Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \mathfrak{B}} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi }

is the main requirement here, and it is the general fractional differential operator. Along with the nonlinear expressions, we may arrange various linear expressions as appropriate. The suggested methodology begins by obtaining the initial condition through the elimination of the nonlinear part, as follows:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \mathfrak{D}_{\tau }^{\theta } \omega _{0}(\zeta , \tau )=p(\zeta , \tau ), \mathfrak{B}\left(\omega _{0}, \frac{\partial \omega _{0}}{\partial \zeta }\right)=0} .

To get the next iteration of the solution, we solve the following equation:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \mathfrak{D}_{\tau }^{\theta } \varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )+\Theta \left(\varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=p(\zeta , \tau ), \mathfrak{B}\left(\varpi _{1}, \frac{\partial \varpi _{1}}{\partial \zeta }\right)=0

As a result, we have a simple iterative stride Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \omega _{k+1}(\zeta , \tau )}

which is the adequate approach to a linear and nonlinear set of problems

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \mathcal{D}_{1}^{\theta } \varpi _{k+1}(\zeta , \tau )+\Theta \left(\varpi _{k}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=p(\zeta , \tau ), \mathfrak{R}\left(\varpi _{k+1}, \frac{\partial \varpi _{k+1}}{\partial \zeta }\right)=0}

In this approach, it is important to note that Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{k+1}(\zeta , \tau )}

solves the problem (4) separately at each step. The iterative approach is straightforward to apply, and each iteration yields a solution closer to the exact one. By continuing this method, an ideal approximate solution corresponding to the exact solution can be obtained. Therefore, the solution to Eq. (4) can be expressed as follows:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi (\zeta , \tau )=\lim _{k \rightarrow \infty } \varpi _{k}(\zeta , \tau )}

4 Applications by TAM

Numerous genuine physical implementations involving FPDEs are difficult to solve exactly. Because of this, an approximate solution usually suffices to solve the problem. To obtain such approximate solutions, the method developed here (FTAM) may be utilized. Here, we analyze four examples to show that our approach to solving the nonlinear Fisher's equation is more efficient and effective than other widely used approaches.

Case 1

We can look at the nonlinear fractional Fisher equation shown below [40]:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \frac{\partial ^{\theta } \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \tau ^{\theta }}=\frac{\partial ^{2} \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \zeta ^{2}}+\varpi (\zeta , \tau )(1-\varpi (\zeta , \tau )), 0<\theta \leq 1, \zeta \in \mathbb{I}, \tau{>0}} ,

subject to a constant initial condition

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \omega (\zeta , 0)=\xi } .

By first rewriting the problem as a semi-analytical iterative method (FTAM),

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \Omega (\varpi (\zeta , \tau ))=D_{\tau }^{\theta } \varpi (\zeta , \tau )=\frac{\partial ^{\theta } \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \tau ^{\theta }}, \Theta (\varpi (\zeta , \tau ))=\frac{\partial ^{2} \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \zeta ^{2}}+\varpi (\zeta , \tau )(1-\varpi (\zeta , \tau )), Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): H(\zeta , \tau )=0 .

The initial issue that must be addressed is

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Omega \left(\varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=0, \varpi _{0}(\zeta , 0)=\xi } .

Eq. (13) can solved by doing the following basic manipulation:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle I^{\theta }\left(D_{\tau }^{\theta } \varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=0, \varpi _{0}(\zeta , 0)=\xi } .

The essential features of definition (2) are used to generate the main iteration

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )=\xi } .

The second iteration maybe calculated as follows:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Omega \left(\varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\right)+\Theta \left(\varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\right)+w(\zeta , \tau )=0, \varpi _{1}(\zeta , 0)=\xi } .

With the definition (2) applied and both sides of the previous equation integrated, we obtain

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle I^{\theta }\left(D_{\tau }^{\theta } \varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=I^{\theta }\left(\frac{\partial ^{2} \varpi _{0}(x, \tau )}{\partial \zeta ^{2}}+\varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\left(1-\varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\right)\right), \varpi _{1}(\zeta , 0)=\xi } .

The following iteration is then obtained as

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )=\xi -\frac{\xi (\xi{-1)} \tau ^{\theta }}{\Gamma (\theta{+1)}}} .

Calculating the third iteration may be done as

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Omega \left(\varpi _{2}(\zeta , \tau )\right)+\Theta \left(\varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\right)+w(\zeta , \tau )=0, \varpi _{2}(\zeta , 0)=\xi } .

With the definition (2) applied and both sides of the previous equation integrated, we obtain

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle I^{\theta }\left(D_{\tau }^{\theta } \varpi _{2}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=I^{\theta }\left(\frac{\partial ^{2} \varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \zeta ^{2}}+\varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\left(1-\varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\right)\right), \varpi _{2}(\zeta , 0)=\xi } .

Then we acquire the next iteration as

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{2}(\zeta , \tau )=\xi -\frac{\xi (\xi{-1)} \tau ^{\theta }}{\Gamma (\theta{+1)}}+\frac{(\xi{-1)} \xi (2 \xi{-1)} \tau ^{2 \theta }}{\Gamma (2 \theta{+1)}}-\frac{(\xi{-1)}^{2} \xi ^{2} \Gamma (2 \theta{+1)} \tau ^{3 \theta }}{\Gamma (\theta{+1)}^{2} \Gamma (3 \theta{+1)}}} .

Every Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{k}(\zeta , \tau )}

repetition yields a rough solution to Eq. (10) based on Eq. (9). As the iteration count increases, the analytical solution approaches the exact solution more closely. The following analytical solution in series form can be produced by repeating this method:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi (\zeta , \tau )=\lim _{k \rightarrow \infty } \varpi _{k}(\zeta , \tau ) \simeq \varpi _{2}(\zeta , \tau )} ,

which contains the exact solution as [40]

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi (\zeta , \tau )=\frac{\xi e^{\tau }}{1-\xi{+\xi}e^{\tau }}} .

Case 2

We can look at the nonlinear fractional Fisher equation shown below [40]:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \frac{\partial ^{\theta } \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \tau ^{\theta }}=\frac{\partial ^{2} \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \zeta ^{2}}+6 \varpi (\zeta , \tau )(1-\varpi (\zeta , \tau )), 0<\theta \leq 1, \zeta \in \mathbb{I}, \tau{>0}} ,

subject to the initial condition

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi (\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{\left(1+e^{\zeta }\right)^{2}}} .

By first rewriting the problem as semi-analytical iterative method (FTAM)

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{align} \Omega (\varpi (\zeta , \tau ))= & D_{\tau }^{\theta } \varpi (\zeta , \tau )=\frac{\partial ^{\theta } \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \tau ^{\theta }}, \Theta (\varpi (\zeta , \tau ))=\frac{\partial ^{2} \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \zeta ^{2}}+6 \varpi (\zeta , \tau )(1-\varpi (\zeta , \tau )) \\ & H(\zeta , \tau )=0 \end{align}

The initial issue that must be addressed is

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \Omega \left(\varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=0, \varpi _{0}(\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{\left(1+e^{\zeta }\right)^{2}} .

Eq. (27) can solve by doing the following basic manipulation:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle I^{\theta }\left(D_{\tau }^{\theta } \varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=0, \varpi _{0}(\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{\left(1+e^{\zeta }\right)^{2}}} .

The essential features of definition (2) are used to generate the main iteration

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )=\frac{1}{\left(1+e^{\zeta }\right)^{2}}} .

The second iteration may be calculated as follows:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Omega \left(\varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\right)+\Theta \left(\varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\right)+w(\zeta , \tau )=0, \varpi _{1}(\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{\left(1+e^{\zeta }\right)^{2}}} .

With the definition (2) applied and both sides of the previous equation integrated, we obtain

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle I^{\theta }\left(D_{\tau }^{\theta } \varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=I^{\theta }\left(\frac{\partial ^{2} \varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \zeta ^{2}}+6 \varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\left(1-\varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\right)\right), \varpi _{1}(\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{\left(1+e^{\zeta }\right)^{2}}} .

Then, we acquire the next iteration as

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )=\frac{1}{\left(e^{\zeta }+1\right)^{2}}+\frac{10 e^{\zeta } \tau ^{\theta }}{\left(e^{\zeta }+1\right)^{3} \Gamma (\theta{+1)}}}

The third iteration can be calculated as

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Omega \left(\varpi _{2}(\zeta , \tau )\right)+\Theta \left(\varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\right)+w(\zeta , \tau )=0, \varpi _{2}(\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{\left(1+e^{\zeta }\right)^{2}}} .

With the definition (2) applied and both sides of the previous equation integrated, we obtain

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle I^{\theta }\left(D_{\tau }^{\theta } \varpi _{2}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=I^{\theta }\left(\frac{\partial ^{2} \varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \zeta ^{2}}+6 \varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\left(1-\varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\right)\right), \varpi _{2}(\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{\left(1+e^{\zeta }\right)^{2}}} .

Then we acquire the next iteration as

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{2}(\zeta , \tau )=\frac{1}{\left(e^{\zeta }+1\right)^{2}}+\frac{10 e^{\zeta } \tau ^{\theta }}{\left(e^{\zeta }+1\right)^{3} \Gamma (\theta{+1)}}+\frac{50 e^{\zeta }\left(2 e^{\zeta }-1\right)\tau ^{2 \theta }}{\left(e^{\zeta }+1\right)^{4} \Gamma (2 \theta{+1)}}-\frac{600 e^{2 \zeta } \Gamma (2 \alpha{+1)} \tau ^{3 \alpha }}{\left(e^{\zeta }+1\right)^{6} \Gamma (\alpha{+1)}^{2} \Gamma (3 \alpha{+1)}}}

Every Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{k}(\zeta , \tau )}

repetition yields a rough solution to Eq. (24) based on Eq. (9). As the iteration count increases, the analytical solution approaches the exact solution more closely. The following analytical solution in series form can be produced by repeating this method:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi (\zeta , \tau )=\lim _{k \rightarrow \infty } \varpi _{k}(\zeta , \tau ) \simeq \varpi _{2}(\zeta , \tau )} ,

which contains the exact solution as [40]

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi (\zeta , \tau )=\frac{1}{\left(1+e^{\zeta{-5} \tau }\right)^{2}}} .

Case 3

In this case, we look at the fractional Fisher-type nonlinear diffusion equation [40]

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \frac{\partial ^{\theta } \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \tau ^{\theta }}=\frac{\partial ^{2} \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \zeta ^{2}}+\varpi (\zeta , \tau )(1-\varpi (\zeta , \tau ))(\varpi (\zeta , \tau )-\xi ), 0<\theta , \xi \leq 1,

subject to the initial condition

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \varpi (\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{1+e^{\frac{-\zeta }{\sqrt{2}}}} .

By first rewriting the problem as semi-analytical iterative method (FTAM)

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{align} \Omega (\varpi (\zeta , \tau ))= & D_{t}^{\theta } \varpi (\zeta , \tau )=\frac{\partial ^{\theta } \varpi (\zeta , t)}{\partial \tau ^{\theta }}, \Theta (\varpi (\zeta , \tau ))=\frac{\partial ^{2} \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \zeta ^{2}} \\ & +\varpi (\zeta , \tau )(1-\varpi (\zeta , \tau ))(\varpi (\zeta , \tau )-\xi ), H(\zeta , \tau )=0 . \end{align}

The initial issue that must be addressed is

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Omega \left(\varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=0, \omega _{0}(\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{1+e^{\frac{-\zeta }{\sqrt{2}}}}} .

Eq. (42) can solve by doing the following basic manipulation

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle I^{\theta }\left(D_{\tau }^{\theta } \varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=0, \varpi _{0}(\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{1+e^{\frac{-\zeta }{\sqrt{2}}}}} .

The essential features of definition (2) are used to generate the main iteration

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \omega _{0}(\zeta , \tau )=\frac{1}{1+e^{\frac{-\zeta }{\sqrt{2}}}}} .

The second iteration may be calculated as follows:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Omega \left(\varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\right)+\Theta \left(\varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\right)+w(\zeta , \tau )=0, \varpi _{1}(\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{1+e^{\frac{-\zeta }{\sqrt{2}}}}} .

With the definition (2) applied and both sides of the previous equation integrated, we obtain

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): I^{\theta }\left(D_{\tau }^{\theta } \varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=I^{\theta }\left(\frac{\partial ^{2} \varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \zeta ^{2}}+\varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\left(1-\varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )\right)\left(\varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )-\xi \right)\right), \varpi _{1}(\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{1+e^{\frac{-\zeta }{\sqrt{2}}}} .

Then, we acquire the next iteration as

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )=\frac{1}{1+e^{\frac{-\zeta }{\sqrt{2}}}}+\frac{(1-2 \xi ) \tau ^{\theta }}{4\left(\cosh \left(\frac{\zeta }{\sqrt{2}}\right)+1\right)\Gamma (\theta{+1)}}} .

The third iteration can be calculated as

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Omega \left(\varpi _{2}(\zeta , \tau )\right)+\Theta \left(\varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\right)+w(\zeta , \tau )=0, \varpi _{2}(\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{1+e^{\frac{-\zeta }{\sqrt{2}}}}} .

With the definition (2) applied and both sides of the previous equation integrated, we obtain

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): I^{\theta }\left(D_{\tau }^{\theta } \varpi _{2}(\zeta , \tau )\right)=I^{\theta }\left(\frac{\partial ^{2} \varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \zeta ^{2}}+\varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\left(1-\varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )\right)\left(\varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )-\xi \right)\right), \varpi _{2}(\zeta , 0)=\frac{1}{1+e^{\frac{-\zeta }{\sqrt{2}}}} .

Then we acquire the next iteration as

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \omega _{2}(\zeta , \tau )=\omega _{1}+\frac{(1-2 \xi )^{2} A \tau ^{2 \theta }\left(\frac{2(\xi{-2)} A+\xi{+1)} \Gamma (2 \theta{+1)}(A+B) \tau ^{\theta }}{\Gamma (\theta{+1)}^{2} \Gamma (3 \theta{+1)}}+\frac{(2 \xi{-1)} B \Gamma 3 \theta{+1))}^{2 \theta }}{\Gamma (\theta{+1)}^{3} \Gamma (4 \theta{+1)}}-\frac{2(A-1)(A+1)^{3}}{\Gamma (2 \theta{+1)}}\right)}{8(A+1)^{6}}} ,

where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A=e^{\frac{\zeta }{\sqrt{2}}}}

and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle B=e^{\sqrt{25}}}

. Every Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{k}(\zeta , \tau )}

repetition yields a rough solution to Eq. (52) based on Eq. (9). As the iteration count increases, the analytical solution approaches the exact solution more closely. The following analytical solution in series form can be produced by repeating this method:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi (\zeta , \tau )=\lim _{k \rightarrow \infty } \varpi _{k}(\zeta , \tau ) \simeq \varpi _{2}(\zeta , \tau )} ,

which contains the exact solution as [40]

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi (\zeta , \tau )=\frac{1}{1+e^{\frac{-(\zeta{+}c \tau )}{\sqrt{2}}}}} .

where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle c=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2-\xi }} .

Case 4

We can look at the nonlinear fractional Fisher equation shown below [41]:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \frac{\partial ^{\theta } \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \tau ^{\theta }}=\frac{\partial ^{2} \varpi (\zeta , \tau )}{\partial \zeta ^{2}}+\left(1-\varpi ^{2}(\zeta , \tau )\right)(2 \varpi (\zeta , \tau )+\xi ), 0<\theta \leq 1,|\xi |<1} .

subject to the initial condition

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi (\zeta , 0)=\tanh (\zeta ) \& \varpi (\zeta , 0)=\operatorname{coth}(\zeta )} .

We obtain the following analytical solutions by applying the same fundamental idea of the TAM of fractional order

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{0}(\zeta , \tau )=\tanh (\zeta ), \varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )=\tanh (\zeta )+\frac{\xi \tau ^{\theta } \operatorname{sech}^{2}(\zeta )}{\Gamma (\theta{+1)}}}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{2}(\zeta , \tau )=\varpi _{1}(\zeta , \tau )-\xi ^{2} \tau ^{2 \theta } \operatorname{sech}^{2}(\zeta )\left(\frac{2 \tanh (\zeta )}{\Gamma (2 \theta{+1)}}+\frac{\Gamma (2 \theta{+1))}^{\theta } \operatorname{sech}^{2}(\zeta )(\xi{+6} \tanh (\zeta ))}{\Gamma (\theta{+1)}^{2} \Gamma (3 \theta{+1)}}+\frac{2 \varepsilon \Gamma (3 \theta{+1))}^{2} \theta ^{\operatorname{sech}}{ }^{4}(\zeta )}{\Gamma (\theta{+1)}^{3} \Gamma (\theta \theta{+1)}}\right), \cdots }

Every Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{k}(\zeta , \tau )}

repetition yields a rough solution to Eq. (53) based on Eq. (9). As the iteration count increases, the analytical solution approaches the exact solution more closely. The following

analytical solution in series form can be produced by repeating this method:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi (\zeta , \tau )=\lim _{m \rightarrow \infty } \varpi _{m}(\zeta , \tau ) \simeq \varpi _{2}(\zeta , \tau )}

which contains the exact solution as [41]

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \omega (\zeta , \tau )=\tanh (\zeta{+\xi}\tau ) \& \varpi (\zeta , \tau )=\operatorname{coth}(\zeta{+\xi}\tau )} .

The analytical results for the particular state Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \theta=1}

demonstrate that the general style of the approximate solution is the same as that of the exact solution. To geometrically demonstrate the behavior of the analytical solution TAM, the exact solution was compared with the fifth iteration of the approximate solution in two and three dimensions, as shown in Figs. 1-5. Tables 1 and 2 present the numerical outcomes and errors of the suggested method for four cases with varying time and spatial variables.

Figure 1: The behavior of a collection of approximate solutions obtained by TAM for Case 1

SCIPEDIA

(a) Exact solution

(c) Exemplification of the TAM with the exact solution.

(e) The solution of the power series

(b) FTAM solution

(d) Comparison between various amounts of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \theta }

(f) Comparison at Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \zeta=1}

Figure 2: The behavior of a collection of approximate solutions obtained by TAM for Case 2

SCIPEDIA

Figure 3: The behavior of a collection of approximate solutions obtained by TAM for Case 3

SCIPEDIA

Figure 4: The behavior of a collection of approximate solutions obtained by TAM for Case 4

Figure 5: The absolute error between exact and TAM solutions for three cases

Table 1: Comparison of approximate solutions acquired by TAM with exact solution for Case 1 at Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \xi=0.5}

t	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.9	1.0
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{E x}}	0.5	0.5249	0.5498	0.5744	0.5986	0.6224	0.6456	0.6681	0.6899	0.7109	0.7310
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{T A M}}	0.5	0.5249	0.5498	0.5744	0.5986	0.6224	0.6456	0.6681	0.6900	0.7110	0.7311
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle E_{\sigma }}	0.0	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 1.4 \mathrm{E}-11}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 1.8 \mathrm{E}-09}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 3.2 \mathrm{E}-08}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 2.3 \mathrm{E}-07}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 1.1 \mathrm{E}-06}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 3.9 \mathrm{E}-06}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 1.1 \mathrm{E}-05}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 2.8 \mathrm{E}-05}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 6.3 \mathrm{E}-05}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 1.2 \mathrm{E}-04}

Table 2: Comparison of approximate solutions acquired by TAM with exact solution

X	Case Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): 2(\xi=0.1)			Case Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): 3(\xi=0.001)			Case Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): 4(\xi=0.1)
	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \bar{\omega }_{E x}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{{TAM }}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle E_{{б }}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \bar{\omega }_{E x}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{{TAM }}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle E_{{б }}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \bar{\omega }_{E x}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{{TAM }}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle E_{{б }}}
0.0	0.387456	0.387313	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 1.42 \mathrm{E}-4}	0.512504	0.512472	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 3.12 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.00999	0.009999	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 5.00 \mathrm{E}-8}
0.1	0.358427	0.358299	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 1.27 \mathrm{E}-4}	0.530147	0.530116	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 3.14 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.109558	0.109556	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 2.00 \mathrm{E}-6}
0.2	0.329984	0.329873	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 1.10 \mathrm{E}-4}	0.547716	0.547684	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 3.15 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.206966	0.206963	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 3.71 \mathrm{E}-6}

(Continued)

Table 2 (continued)

x	Case Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): 2(\xi=0.1)			Case Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): 3(\xi=0.001)			Case Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): 4(\xi=0.1)
	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \omega _{E x}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{{TAM }}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle E_{{бб }}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{E x}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{{TAM }}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle E_{{ш }}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{E x}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \varpi _{{TAM }}}	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle E_{{б }}}
0.3	0.302317	0.302223	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 9.48 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.5	0.565135	3.1	0.300437	0.300432	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 4.97 \mathrm{E}-6}
0.4	0.275603	0.275521	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 8.19 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.582457	0.582425	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 3.16 \mathrm{E}-}	0.388473	0.38846	5.67
0.5	0.250000	0.249926	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 7.43 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.599547	0.599516	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 3.15 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.469945	0.469939	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 5.85 \mathrm{E}-6}
0.6	0.225645	0.225572	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 7.30 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.616398	0.616367	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 3.13 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.544127	0.544122	5.59 E
0.7	0.202649	0.202571	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 7.84 \mathrm{E}-5}	. 632975	0.632944	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 3.13 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.610677	0.610672	5.03
0.8	0.181099	0.181009	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 8.99 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.649242	0.649212	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 3.07 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.669590	0.669586	4.32 E
0.9	0.161052	0.160945	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 1.06 \mathrm{E}-4}	0.665170	0.665140	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 3.03 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.721132	0.721129	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 3.56 \mathrm{E}-6}
1.0	0.142537	0.142411	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 1.26 \mathrm{E}-4}	0.680731	0.680701	Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle 2.98 \mathrm{E}-5}	0.765762	0.765759	2.85 E

5 Conclusion

The primary contribution of this labor is the successful demonstration of TAM with fractional time derivatives to obtain analytical solutions to distinct nonlinear fractional differential equations. The outcomes indicate that a small number of approximate expressions yield highly reliable outcomes, and the error in the approximate solution decreases rapidly as the number of these expressions increases. Furthermore, compared to other approaches, this one uses less computing power and a central processing unit (CPU). The effectiveness of this strategy has been shown to confirm TAM's accuracy and dependability. The results show that this approach works very well for solving a class of fractional operator nonlinear FPD problems. The suggested approach solves a variety of fractional equations and systems in an efficient and effective manner.

Acknowledgement: Not applicable.

Funding Statement: This research project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research and Libraries, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, through the Program of Research Project Funding After Publication, grant No. (RPFAP-15-1445).

Author Contributions: The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: Ahmed Hagag; data collection: Areej Almuneef; analysis and interpretation of results: Ahmed Hagag; draft manuscript preparation: Areej Almuneef. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Availability of Data and Materials: Not applicable.

Ethics Approval: Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

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