Formulación analítica del método de rigidez para estructuras reticulares planas empleando funciones de Green Analytical formulation of the stiffness method for 2D reticular structures using Green functions

Juan Camilo Molina-Villegasa,b, Harold Nolberto Diaz Giraldob, Andrés Felipe Acosta Ochoab

a: Universidad de Medellín - Facultad de ingenierías.

b: Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín - Facultad de minas - Departamento de ingeniería civil.

Resumen

Las funciones de Green (F.G.) se definen como la respuesta de un medio ante una carga puntual unitaria y son usadas ampliamente para la solución de problemas de valores en la frontera. Desafortunadamente, en el análisis estructural su uso es limitado y solo se emplean de forma indirecta y con otro nombre en el cálculo de lineas de influencia y en la formulación del método del trabajo virtual. En este artículo se presenta una metodología para obtener la respuesta analítica o exacta de estructuras reticulares planas, la cual mezcla al método de rigidez y a las funciones de Green, estas últimas empleadas para el cálculo de los campos de desplazamiento. En particular se realizará la formulación para elementos tipo barra (sometidos a fuerza axial), viga (sometidos a fuerza cortante y momento flector), viga sobre fundación flexible (sometidos a fuerza cortante y momento flector) y pórtico plano (sometidos a fuerza axial, fuerza cortante y momento flector). Esta formulación tiene como propiedad principal que puede ser empleada para cualquier distribución de carga externa y minimiza el número de elementos a emplear en las discretizaciones. Además se presenta la equivalencia de esta formulación con aquella obtenida mediante una implementación “exacta” del método de elementos finitos.

Green functions (F.G.) are defined as the response of a medium to a unit point load and are widely used to solve boundary value problems. Unfortunately, in structural analysis its use is limited and they are only used indirectly and with another name in the calculation of influence lines and in the formulation of the virtual work method. This article presents a methodology to obtain the analytical or exact response of two dimensional frames, which mixes the stiffnes method and the Green functions, the latter used for the calculation of displacement fields. In particular, the formulation will be carried out for bar elements (subjected to axial force), beam elements (subjected to shear force and bending moment), beam over flexible foundation elements (subjected to shear force and bending moment) and two dimensional frames (subjected to axial force, cutting force and bending moment). This formulation has as its main property that it can be used for any external load distribution and minimizes the number of elements to be used in discretizations. In addition, the equivalence of this formulation with that obtained by an “exact” implementation of the finite element method is presented.

keywords Funciones de Green, Método de rigidez, Método de elementos finitos, Pórticos planos.

1 Introducción

Las funciones de Green (F.G.) son la respuesta de un medio ante la acción de una fuente o fuerza puntual unitaria y son muy importantes en la solución de problemas de valor en la frontera (P.V.F.) de fenómenos físicos e ingenieriles, cuyas ecuaciones diferenciales (E.D.) gobernantes son lineales [1]. Esto es debido a que ellas por si solas son solución de problemas fundamentales, pueden ser empleadas para resolver problemas con fuentes distribuidas [2] o de forma indirecta se emplean en métodos numéricos de frontera o contorno, como el método directo de elementos de frontera [3], el método indirecto de elementos de frontera [4] o el método de las soluciones fundamentales [5].

En geotecnia las principales F.G. son: la respuesta de un espacio completo o infinito [6], la respuesta de un semi-espacio ante la acción de un fuerza en superficie [7], [8] y en el interior [9]. En sismología las principales F.G. son: la respuesta de un espacio completo [10],la respuesta de un semi-espacio debida a la acción de una fuerza normal [11] y tangencial [12], para el lector interesado en este tema se le recomiendan los libros [13] y [14]. Pese a lo anteriormente mencionado, es desafortunado el poco uso que se les da a las F.G. en el análisis estructural, donde su uso (con otro nombre) se limita al cálculo de lineas de influencia y a la formulación del método del trabajo virtual.

Para el caso particular de la elasticidad y análisis estructural las funciones de Green se expresan como Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle G_{ij}(\mathbf{x},\boldsymbol \xi )} , la cual corresponde al desplazamiento en dirección Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle i}

del punto Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \mathbf{x}}

, debido a una fuerza puntual unitaria en dirección Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle j}

aplicada en el punto Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \boldsymbol \xi }

.

En la actualidad los métodos matriciales son los más empleados para la solución de problemas de análisis estructural, entre estos destacan el método de rigidez y el método de elementos finitos (M.E.F.). El primero de estos es mas complejo de implementar y busca la solución exacta del modelo estructural en estudio, mientras que el segundo es mas general y simple de implementar y busca una solución aproximada. Por esta razón es usual emplear el método de rigidez para solucionar problemas “sencillos” que involucran modelos lineales con elementos de sección transversal constante y cargas simples, como puntuales o distribuidas con variación lineal. Mientras que el M.E.F. suele emplearse para estructuras de sección transversal constante o variable pero sometidas a cargas cuya definición es compleja, o para problemas no lineales. Pese a lo anterior, ambos métodos tienen pequeñas falencias intrínsecas, en el método de rigidez hay gran dificultad para manejo de cargas genéricas y no es usual el cálculo del campo de desplazamientos ([15], [16] y [17]) mientras que en el M.E.F. la solución es aproximada, lo cual lleva contradicciones a la hora de calcular las fuerzas internas a partir de los campos de desplazamientos ([18] y [19]).

En este artículo se presenta una formulación particular del método de rigidez para obtener la solución analítica de problemas de análisis estructural formados por estructuras reticulares planas (las cuales pueden estar formadas por elementos tipo barra, viga, viga sobre fundación flexible o pórtico), la cual emplea a las funciones de Green para el cálculo de los campos de desplazamiento. Esta metodología busca combinar las principales fortalezas del método de rigidez (obtención de soluciones analíticas) y del M.E.F. (posibilidad de manejar cargas complejas), para la solución total de estas estructuras, es decir, para el calculo de sus reacciones, campos de desplazamiento y campos de fuerzas internas. Al final de este artículo se presentan tres apéndices donde se presenta la equivalencia de la actual metodología (la cual parte de las ecuaciones diferenciales gobernantes de cada tipo de elemento) y una “exacta” por el M.E.F. (la cual parte de la forma débil de las ecuaciones diferenciales en lugar de estas).

A continuación se comenzarán presentando las ecuaciones diferenciales gobernantes de cada uno de los cuatro tipos de elementos a analizar (barra, viga, pórtico y viga sobre fundación flexible), luego se describirá en detalle la metodología de análisis propuesta en este artículo, seguido a esto se realizará la formulación “exacta” del método de rigidez para cada uno de los tipos de elemento estudiados y se realizaran tres ejemplos ilustrativos.

2 Ecuaciones diferenciales gobernantes

A continuación se definirán las propiedades de los elementos tipo barra, viga, pórtico plano y viga sobre fundación flexible a estudiar en este documento al igual que sus ecuaciones diferenciales gobernantes. Como generalidad para todos estos tipos elementos se empleará la convención de fuerzas internas positiva presentada en la Figura 1, la cual se inspira en aquella empleada para la definición de los esfuerzos en la mecánica del medio continuo o de sólidos.
Convención positiva para las fuerzas internas. P(x) es la fuerza axial (dirección eje x), V(x) es la fuerza cortante (dirección eje y) y M(x) es el momento flector (dirección eje z, perpendicular tanto a x como a y.)
Figura 1: Convención positiva para las fuerzas internas. Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): P(x)
es la fuerza axial (dirección eje Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): x

), Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): V(x)

es la fuerza cortante (dirección eje Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): y

) y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M(x)

es el momento flector (dirección eje Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): z

, perpendicular tanto a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): x

como a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): y

.)

2.1 Elemento tipo barra

Se define como elemento tipo barra, a aquel cuya única fuerza interna es axial y se encuentra sometido a una fuerza externa distribuida por unidad de longitud (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle p(x)} ), la cual actúa en dirección del eje Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x}

y su valor es positivo si se dirige en la dirección de dicho eje local (ver Figura  2). Para el caso que el elemento sea de sección transversal constante con área de la sección transversal Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}

, material elástico lineal con módulo de elasticidad Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle E} , su ecuación diferencial gobernante es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): AE\dfrac{d^2 u}{dx^2}(x)=-p(x)
(1)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle u(x)}

es el desplazamiento en dirección axial del elemento (eje local Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x}
).
Elemento tipo barra y el sistema coordenado local empleado para la definición de su E.D. gobernante.
Figura 2: Elemento tipo barra y el sistema coordenado local empleado para la definición de su E.D. gobernante.

Mientras que a partir de la ley de Hooke unidimensional su fuerza interna axial se calcula como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): P(x)=\sigma (x) A=E \epsilon (x) A =AE\dfrac{d u}{dx}(x)
(2)

2.2 Elemento tipo viga

El elemento tipo viga está sometido tanto a fuerza cortante en dirección del eje Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y}

como a momento flector alrededor del eje Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle z}
(perpendicular a los ejes Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x}
y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y}

, ver Figura 3). Sus cargas externas se definen en términos de la carga por unidad de longitud en dirección del eje Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y}

(Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle q(x)}

), la cual es positiva en la dirección de este eje (ver Figura 3). Si el elemento es de sección transversal constante, con momento de inercia Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle I}

y material elástico lineal con módulo de elasticidad Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle E}

, su ecuación diferencial gobernante es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\dfrac{d^4 v}{dx^4}(x)=q(x)
(3)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v(x)}

es el desplazamiento en dirección del eje Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y}
, es decir, perpendicular al eje longitudinal del elemento.
Elemento tipo viga y el sistema coordenado local empleado para la definición de su E.D. gobernante.
Figura 3: Elemento tipo viga y el sistema coordenado local empleado para la definición de su E.D. gobernante.

Mientras que las fuerzas internas cortante y momento flector se calculan a partir del campo de desplazamiento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v(x)} , respectivamente como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): V(x)=-EI \dfrac{d^3 v}{dx^3}(x) (4.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M(x)= EI \dfrac{d^2 v}{dx^2}(x) (4.b)

2.3 Elemento tipo pórtico plano

El elemento tipo pórtico plano se define como la superposición de un elemento tipo barra y uno tipo viga, por lo cual sus fuerzas internas son la fuerza axial, la fuerza cortante y el momento flector respecto al eje Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle z} . Sus ecuaciones diferenciales gobernantes son 1 para el desplazamiento axial y 3 para el desplazamiento perpendicular al eje longitudinal del elemento (eje Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y} ) y sus fuerzas internas se calculan a partir de los campos de desplazamiento empleando 2 y 2.2.

2.4 Elemento tipo viga sobre fundación flexible

El elemento viga sobre fundación flexible se define como un elemento tipo viga que esta apoyado sobre un medio elástico, el cual tiene una rigidez por unidad de longitud Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle k}

y genera una fuerza por unidad de longitud sobre la viga igual al Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle -kv(x)}
(ver Figura 4). Sus fuerzas internas son iguales a las de la viga, es decir, fuerza cortante y momento flector, y su ecuación diferencial gobernante es ([20]):

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\dfrac{d^4 v}{dx^4}(x)+kv(x)=q(x)
(5)
Elemento tipo viga sobre fundación flexible y el sistema coordenado local empleado para la definición de su E.D. gobernante.
Figura 4: Elemento tipo viga sobre fundación flexible y el sistema coordenado local empleado para la definición de su E.D. gobernante.

Al igual que para los elementos tipo viga, las fuerzas internas se calculan a partir del campo de desplazamientos empleando 2.2.

3 Metodología

En la formulación del método de rigidez para elementos prismáticos se expresan las fuerzas y momentos en los extremos de estos en función de los desplazamiento y rotaciones en esos mismos punto (lo cual comúnmente se conoce como grados de libertad). Esta formulación se expresa matricialmente en un sistema local de coordenadas como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \{ {F'}_E \} {=[K'}_E]\{ \Delta' _E \} +\{ \left.{F'}_E \right.^f \}
(6)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \{ {F'}_E \} }

es el vector de fuerzas en los extremos del elemento en coordenadas locales, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {[K'}_E]}
es la matriz de rigidez en coordenadas locales, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \{ \Delta' _E \} }
es el vector de desplazamientos en los extremos del elemento en coordenadas locales y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \{ \left.{F'}_E \right.^f \} }
es el vector de fuerzas de empotramiento en coordenadas locales.

De analizar los dos términos del lado derecho de 6 es evidente que el problema se puede descomponer como la superposición o suma de dos problemas fundamentales. El primero se llamará problema homogéneo (la justificación de esto se presentará mas adelante) y es el encargado de la aparición del término que incluye a la matriz de rigidez, este problema solo depende de los desplazamientos de los nodos (nodales) y no de las cargas externas. El segundo problema se llamará problema empotrado (la justificación para su nombre también se dará mas adelante) y es el encargado de la aparición del vector de fuerzas de empotramiento y no depende de los desplazamientos nodales, pero si de las fuerzas externas. A partir de esta idea, las componentes de los campos de desplazamientos se expresan como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): d(x)=d_h(x)+d_f(x)
(7)

Donde:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle d(x)}

Campo de desplazamiento.

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle d_h(x)}

Campo homogéneo de desplazamiento.

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle d_f(x)}

Campo empotrado de desplazamiento.

A continuación, a partir de 7, se definirán y solucionarán los problemas de valor en la frontera (P.V.F.) empleados para la formulación del método de rigidez de cada uno de los cuatro tipos de elementos a analizar, así como los P.V.F. que dan lugar a los campos homogéneos y empotrados de estos mismos.

4 Formulación analítica del método para elementos tipo barra

El P.V.F. que gobierna la formulación del método de rigidez para elementos tipo barra de sección transversal constante y longitud Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle L}

es (ver la Figura 2):

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): AE\frac{d^2 u}{dx^2}(x)=-p(x) (8.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): u(0)=u_i (8.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): u(L)=u_j (8.c)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle u(0)=u_i}

es el desplazamiento en dirección axial (eje Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x}

) en el extremo inicial del elemento y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle u(L)=u_j}

es el desplazamiento en la misma dirección pero en el extremo final del elemento.

Para este caso la particularización de 7 es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): u(x)=u_h(x)+u_f(x)
(9)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle u_h(x)}

es el campo de desplazamiento homogéneo (sección 4.1), mientras que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle u_f(x)}
es el campo empotrado (sección 4.2).

4.1 Solución del P.V.F. homogéneo

El P.V.F. que gobierna al campo homogéneo se presenta en 4.1 y su nombre se debe a que 10.a es una ecuación diferencial homogénea.

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): AE\frac{d^2 u_h}{dx^2}(x)=0 (10.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): u_h(0)=u_i (10.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): u_h(L)=u_j (10.c)

Es fácil probar que la solución de 4.1 es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): u_h(x)=\left(1-\dfrac{x}{L} \right)u_i+\dfrac{x}{L}u_j=\psi _1(x)u_i+\psi _4(x)u_j
(11)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _1(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _4(x)}
son conocidas como las funciones de forma “exactas” del problema y en este caso son iguales a aquellas que suelen emplearse en el M.E.F. para interpolar el campo de desplazamientos. En este punto es importante resaltar que en el M.E.F. es usual emplear 11 para aproximar el campo total de desplazamientos, lo cual, a partir de 9, se observa que es inexacto pues no incluye al campo empotrado.

Por su parte, empleando la ley de Hooke uniaxial, se tiene que la fuerza axial homogénea se puede calcular como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): P_h(x)=AE\dfrac{du_h}{dx}(x)=\dfrac{AE}{L} \left(-u_i+u_j\right)
(12)

Mientras que las fuerzas en dirección del eje Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x}

en los extremos de la barra son:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FX_i^h=-P_h(0)=\dfrac{AE}{L} \left(u_i-u_j\right) (13.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FX_j^h= P_h(L)=\dfrac{AE}{L} \left(-u_i+u_j\right) (13.b)

4.2 Solución del P.V.F. empotrado

El problema de P.V.F. que gobierna al campo empotrado se presenta en 4.2. Su nombre se debe a que representa la respuesta de una barra doblemente empotrada sometida a una carga externa por unidad de longitud genérica definida por la función Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle p(x)}

(ver Figura 5a).

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): AE\frac{d^2 u_f}{dx^2}(x)=-p(x) (14.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): u_f(0)=0 (14.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): u_f(L)=0 (14.c)
Carga distribuida arbitraria. Fuerza puntual unitaria.
(a) Carga distribuida arbitraria. (b) Fuerza puntual unitaria.
Figura 5: Barras de sección transversal contante doblemente empotradas, sometidas a una carga distribuida arbitraria y una carga puntual unitaria.

Para la solución del P.V.F. 4.2 se empleará la función de Green de un elemento tipo barra de sección transversal constante y material elástico lineal (ver Figura 5b), la cual corresponde a la respuesta (campo de desplazamiento axial) debido a la aplicación de una carga puntual unitaria ubicada a una distancia Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \xi }

del origen de coordenadas y está gobernada por el siguiente P.V.F (notar que las dos últimas ecuaciones corresponden a la continuidad de desplazamiento y equilibrio en el punto de aplicación de la fuerza puntual unitaria Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle (x=\xi )}

):

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): AE\frac{\partial ^2 G_{xx}}{\partial x^2}(x)=-\delta (x-\xi ) (15.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): G_{xx}(0,\xi )=0 (15.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): G_{xx}(L,\xi )=0 (15.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): G_{xx}(\xi ^-,\xi )-G_{xx}(\xi ^+,\xi )=0 (15.d)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -AE\dfrac{\partial G_{xx}}{\partial x}(\xi ^-,\xi )+AE\dfrac{\partial G_{xx}}{\partial x}(\xi ^+,\xi )=-1 (15.e)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \delta (x)}

es la función delta de Dirac.

La solución de 4.2 es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): G_{xx}(x,\xi )= \begin{cases}\dfrac{L}{AE} \left(1-\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)\dfrac{x }{L} & 0 \leq x \leq \xi \\[0.3cm] \dfrac{L}{AE} \left(1-\dfrac{ x}{L} \right)\dfrac{\xi }{L} \qquad & \xi \leq x \leq L \end{cases}
(16)

La cual por conveniencia se escribirá de forma compacta como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): G_{xx}(x,\xi )= \begin{cases}G_{xx}^I (x,\xi ) & 0 \leq x \leq \xi \\[0.3cm] G_{xx}^{II}(x,\xi ) \qquad & \xi \leq x \leq L \end{cases}
(17)

En este punto es importante resaltar la propiedad de simetría que tiene 16 y en general todas las funciones de Green, la cual se expresa como Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle G_{xx}(\xi ,x)=G_{xx}(x,\xi )} .

Multiplicando a ambos lados de 15.a por Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle p(\xi )}

e integrando respecto a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \xi }
entre 0 y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle L}
se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): AE \int _0^L \dfrac{\partial ^2 G_{xx}}{\partial x^2}(x,\xi )p(\xi )d\xi =-\int _0^L \delta (x-\xi ) p(\xi ) d\xi
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): AE\dfrac{\partial ^2}{\partial x^2} \left[\int _0^L G_{xx}(x,\xi )p(\xi )d\xi \right]=-p(x)
(18)

Donde se empleó la siguiente propiedad de la función delta Dirac: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle p(x)=\int _0^L \delta (x-\xi ) p(\xi ) d\xi } .

De comparar 18 y 14.a se concluye que:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): u_f(x)=\int _0^L G_{xx}(x,\xi ) p(\xi ) d\xi =\int _0^x G^{II}_{xx}(x,\xi ) p(\xi ) d\xi{+\int}_x^L G^I_{xx}(x,\xi ) p(\xi ) d\xi
(19)

En donde es importante resaltar que 19 permite calcular el campo de desplazamiento empotrado ante cualquier carga externa.

Empleando la ley de Hooke uniaxial, a partir de 19 el campo de fuerza axial empotrado se calcula como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): P_f(x)=AE\dfrac{du_f}{dx}(x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): = AE \int _0^L \dfrac{\partial G_{xx}}{\partial x}(x,\xi )p(\xi )d\xi
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =AE \left[\int _0^x \dfrac{\partial G_{xx}^{II}}{\partial x}(x,\xi )p(\xi )d\xi +\int _x^L \dfrac{\partial G_{xx}^I}{\partial x}(x,\xi )p(\xi )d\xi \right]
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =\int _0^x \left(-\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)p(\xi ) d\xi{+\int}_x^L \left(1-\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)p(\xi ) d\xi
(20)

Y las reacciones o fuerzas de empotramiento son:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FX_i^f=-P_f(0)=-\int _0^L \psi _1(\xi ) p(\xi ) d\xi=-\int_0^L \psi _1(x) p(x) dx (21.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FX_j^f= P_f(L)=-\int _0^L \psi _4(\xi ) p(\xi ) d\xi=-\int_0^L \psi _4(x) p(x) dx (21.b)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _1(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _4(x)}
son las funciones de forma para el elemento tipo barra que se definieron en la sección 4.1. Es de destacar que la forma que expresar las fuerzas de empotramiento en función de la funciones de forma es coherente con aquella presentada para la formulación “exacta” del M.E.F. presentada en el Apéndice 11.

4.3 Superposición del campo homogéneo y el campo empotrado

Reemplazando 11 y 19 en 9 se tiene que el campo de desplazamiento en el elemento, expresado en función de los desplazamientos nodales y las cargas externas es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): u(x)=\psi _1(x)u_i+\psi _4(x)u_j+\int _0^{x} G_{xx}^{II}(x,\xi ) p(\xi ) d\xi +\int _{x}^{L} G_{xx}^{I}(x,\xi ) p(\xi )d\xi
(22)

Mientras que a partir de sumar 4.1 y 4.2, se tiene que las fuerzas en los extremos del elemento son:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}FX_i \\ FX_j \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{Bmatrix}FX_i^h \\ FX_j^h \end{Bmatrix}+ \begin{Bmatrix}FX_i^f \\ FX_j^f \end{Bmatrix} =\dfrac{AE}{L} \begin{bmatrix}1 & -1 \\ -1 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}u_i \\ u_j \end{Bmatrix}- \begin{Bmatrix}\int _0^L \psi _1(x) p(x)dx \\ \int _0^L \psi _4(x) p(x)dx \end{Bmatrix}
(23)

La cual es la formulación del método de rigidez para un elemento tipo barra y es equivalente a la presentada en el Apéndice 11 para el caso de la formulación “exacta” por el método de elementos finitos.

Para finalizar es importante resaltar que las definiciones de los P.V.F. 4.1 y 4.2 no han sido arbitrarias y son totalmente coherentes con 4 y 9. Por ejemplo si se reemplaza 9 en 4 y se emplean 4.2, se obtiene directamente el P.V.F. 4.1, lo cual también ocurre para los demás tipos de elementos analizados en este artículo.

5 Formulación analítica del método para elementos tipo viga

El P.V.F. que gobierna la formulación del método de rigidez de un elemento tipo viga de sección transversal constante, material elástico lineal y longitud Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle L}

es (ver Figura 3):

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\frac{d^4 v}{dx^4}(x)=q(x) (24.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v(0)=v_i (24.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{dv}{dx}(0)=\theta _i (24.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v(L)=v_j (24.d)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{dv}{dx}(L)=\theta _j (24.e)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v(0)=v_i}

es el desplazamiento en dirección del eje local Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y}
en extremo inicial del elemento, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \dfrac{dv}{dx}(0)=\theta _i}
es la pendiente en ese mismo punto, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v(L)=v_j}
es el desplazamiento en dirección del eje local Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y}
en extremo final del elemento y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \dfrac{dv}{dx}(L)=\theta _j}
es la rotación en ese último punto.

Para este caso la particularización de 7 es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v(x)=v_h(x)+v_f(x)
(25)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v_h(x)}

es el campo de desplazamiento homogéneo (sección 5.1), mientras que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v_f(x)}
es el campo empotrado (sección 5.2).

5.1 Solución del P.V.F. homogéneo

Para este caso el P.V.F. gobernante es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\frac{d^4 v_h}{dx^4}(x)=0 (26.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_h(0)=v_i (26.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{d v_h}{dx}(0)=\theta _i (26.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_h(L)=v_j (26.d)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{d v_h}{dx}(L)=\theta _j (26.e)

Cuya solución, es el siguiente polinomio de orden tres:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_h(x)=\psi _2(x) v_i+\psi _3(x) \theta _i+\psi _5(x) v_j+\psi _6(x) \theta _j
(27)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _2(x)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _3(x)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _5(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _6(x)}
se conocen coma las funciones de forma “exactas” de este problema y tienen el siguiente valor:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \psi _2(x)=1-3\left(\dfrac{x}{L}\right)^2+2\left(\dfrac{x}{L}\right)^3 (28.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \psi _3(x)=\left[\dfrac{x}{L}-2\left(\dfrac{x}{L} \right)^2+\left(\dfrac{x}{L} \right)^3 \right]L (28.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \psi _5(x)=3\left(\dfrac{x}{L} \right)^2-2\left(\dfrac{x}{L} \right)^3 (28.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \psi _6(x)=\left[-\left(\dfrac{x}{L} \right)^2+\left(\dfrac{x}{L} \right)^3\right]L (28.d)

Al igual que para el caso de las barras, las funciones de forma “exactas” presentadas en 5.1 son iguales a las empleadas en el M.E.F. para aproximar o interpolar el campo total de desplazamiento, lo cual de nuevo es inexacto pues se omite el campo empotrado.

A partir de 27, las fuerzas internas homogéneas son:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_h(x)=EI\frac{d^2 v_h}{dx^2}(x)=\frac{EI}{L^2} \left[\left(-6+12 \frac{x}{L} \right)v_i +\left(-4+6\frac{x}{L} \right)\theta _i L +\left(6-12 \frac{x}{L} \right)v_j +\left(-2+6\frac{x}{L} \right)\theta _j L \right] (29.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): V_h(x)=-EI\frac{d^3 v_h}{dx^3}(x)=\frac{EI}{L^3} (-12v_i-6\theta _i L+12v_j-6\theta _j L) (29.b)

Mientras que las reacciones homogéneas son:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_i^h=-V_h(0)= \dfrac{12EI}{L^3}v_i+\dfrac{6EI}{L^2}\theta _i-\dfrac{12EI}{L^3}v_j+\dfrac{6EI}{L^2}\theta _j (30.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_i^h =-M_h(0)= \dfrac{ 6EI}{L^2}v_i+\dfrac{4EI}{L }\theta _i-\dfrac{ 6EI}{L^2}v_j+\dfrac{2EI}{L}\theta _j (30.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_j^h= V_h(L)=-\dfrac{12EI}{L^3}v_i-\dfrac{6EI}{L^2}\theta _i+\dfrac{12EI}{L^3}v_j-\dfrac{6EI}{L^2}\theta _j (30.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_j^h = M_h(0)= \dfrac{ 6EI}{L^2}v_i+\dfrac{2EI}{L }\theta _i-\dfrac{ 6EI}{L^2}v_j+\dfrac{4EI}{L}\theta _j (30.d)

5.2 Solución del P.V.F. empotrado

El problema de P.V.F. que gobierna al campo empotrado se presenta en 5.2 y corresponde a la respuesta de una viga doblemente empotrada sometida a una carga externa genérica definida por la función Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle q(x)}

(ver Figura 6a).

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\frac{d^4 v_f}{dx^4}(x)=q(x) (31.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_f(0)=0 (31.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{d v_f}{dx}(0)=0 (31.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_f(L)=0 (31.d)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{d v_f}{dx}(L)=0 (31.e)
Carga distribuida arbitraria. Fuerza puntual unitaria.
(a) Carga distribuida arbitraria. (b) Fuerza puntual unitaria.
Figura 6: Vigas de sección transversal contante doblemente empotradas, sometidas a una carga distribuida arbitraria y una carga puntual unitaria.

Para solucionar el P.V.F. 5.2 se definirá la función que Green asociada con este problema, es decir, la respuesta de una viga doblemente empotrada de sección transversal constante y material elástico lineal, sometida a una fuerza puntual unitaria ubicada a una distancia Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \xi }

del extremo izquierdo del elemento (ver Figura 6b). Esta función de Green está gobernada por el siguiente P.V.F. que contiene el cumplimiento de la ecuación diferencial gobernante, condiciones de frontera, condiciones de continuidad de desplazamientos y rotaciones en (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x=\xi }

) y equilibrio vertical y rotacional en este mismo punto:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\frac{\partial ^4 G_{yy}}{\partial x^4}(x,\xi )=\delta (x-\xi ) (32.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): G_{yy}(0,\xi )=0 (32.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{\partial G_{yy}}{\partial x}(0,\xi )=0 (32.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): G_{yy}(L,\xi )=0 (32.d)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{\partial G_{yy}}{\partial x}(L,\xi )=0 (32.e)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): G_{yy}(\xi ^-,\xi )-G_{yy}(\xi ^+,\xi )=0 (32.f)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{\partial G_{yy}}{\partial x}(\xi ^-,\xi )-\dfrac{\partial G_{yy}}{\partial x}(\xi ^+,\xi )=0 (32.g)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\dfrac{\partial ^3 G_{yy}}{\partial x^3}(\xi ^-,\xi )-EI\dfrac{\partial ^3 G_{yy}}{\partial x^3}(\xi ^+,\xi )=-1 (32.h)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -EI\dfrac{\partial ^2 G_{yy}}{\partial x^2}(\xi ^-,\xi )+EI\dfrac{\partial ^2 G_{yy}}{\partial x^2}(\xi ^+,\xi )=0 (32.i)

La solución de 5.2, es decir, la función de Green para la viga doblemente empotrada presentada en la Figura 6b es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): G_{yy}(x,\xi )= \begin{cases}\dfrac{L^3}{6EI} \left\{ \left[3 \dfrac{\xi }{L}-6\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^2+3\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^3 \right]\left(\dfrac{x}{L} \right)^2 + \left[-1+3\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^2-2\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^3 \right]\left(\dfrac{x}{L} \right)^3 \right\} & 0 \leq x \leq \xi \\[0.3cm] \dfrac{L^3}{6EI} \left\{ \left[3 \dfrac{x}{L}-6\left(\dfrac{x}{L} \right)^2+3\left(\dfrac{x}{L} \right)^3 \right]\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^2 + \left[-1+3\left(\dfrac{x}{L} \right)^2-2\left(\dfrac{x}{L} \right)^3 \right]\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^3 \right\} \qquad & \xi \leq x \leq L \end{cases}
(33)

La cual, por comodidad se expresa de forma compacta como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): G_{yy}(x,\xi )= \begin{cases}G_{yy}^I(x,\xi ) & 0 \leq x \leq \xi \\[0.3cm] G_{yy}^{II}(x,\xi ) & \xi \leq x \leq L \end{cases}
(34)

Multiplicando a ambos lados de 32.a por Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle q(\xi )}

e integrando respecto a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \xi }
entre 0 y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle L}
se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI \int _0^L \dfrac{\partial ^4 G_{yy}}{\partial x^4}(x,\xi )q(\xi )d\xi =\int _0^L \delta (x-\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\dfrac{\partial ^4}{\partial x^4} \left[\int _0^L G_{yy}(x,\xi )q(\xi )d\xi \right]=q(x)
(35)

Donde se empleó que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle q(x)=\int _0^L \delta (x-\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi } .

De comparar 18 y 31.a se concluye que:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_f(x)=\int _0^L G_{yy}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi =\int _0^x G^I_{yy}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi{+\int}_x^L G^{II}_{yy}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi
(36)

Mientras que los campos de fuerzas internas se calculan como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_f(x)=EI \dfrac{d^2 v_f}{dx^2}(x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =EI \int _0^L \dfrac{\partial ^2 G_{yy}}{\partial x^2}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =EI\int _0^x \dfrac{\partial ^2 G^I_{yy}}{\partial x^2} (x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi +EI\int _x^L \dfrac{\partial ^2 G^{II}_{yy}}{\partial x^2}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =\int _0^x \left\{-2\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^2+\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^3 +\dfrac{x}{L} \left[3\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^2-2\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^3 \right]\right\}L q(\xi ) d\xi
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \quad +\int _x^L \left\{\dfrac{\xi }{L}-2\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^2+\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^3 -\dfrac{x}{L} \left[1-3\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^2+2\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^3 \right]\right\}L q(\xi ) \xi
(37)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): V_f(x)=-EI \dfrac{d^3 v_f}{dx^3}(x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =-EI \int _0^L \dfrac{\partial ^3 G_{yy}}{\partial x^3}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =-EI\int _0^x \dfrac{\partial ^3 G^I_{yy}}{\partial x^3} (x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi -EI\int _x^L \dfrac{\partial ^3 G^{II}_{yy}}{\partial x^3}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =\int _0^x \left[-3\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^2+2\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^3 \right]q(\xi ) d\xi +\int _x^L \left[1-3\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^2+2\left(\dfrac{\xi }{L} \right)^3 \right]q(\xi ) d\xi
(38)

Y las reacciones o fuerzas de empotramiento son:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_i^f=-V_f(0)=-\int _0^L \psi _2(\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi=-\int_0^L \psi _2(x) q(x) dx (39.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_i^f =-M_f(0)=-\int _0^L \psi _3(\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi=-\int_0^L \psi _3(x) q(x) dx (39.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_j^f=V_f(L) =-\int _0^L \psi _5(\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi=-\int_0^L \psi _5(x) q(x) dx (39.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_j^f =M_f(L) =-\int _0^L \psi _6(\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi=-\int_0^L \psi _6(x) q(x) dx (39.d)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _2(x)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _3(x)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _5(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _6(x)}
son las funciones de forma para un elemento tipo viga y se definieron en la ecuación 5.1.

5.3 Superposición del campo homogéneo y el campo empotrado

Reemplazando 27 y 36 en 25 se obtiene que el campo de desplazamientos puede expresarse en función de los desplazamientos nodales y las fuerzas externas como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v(x)=\psi _2(x) v_i+\psi _3(x) \theta _i+\psi _5(x) v_j+\psi _6(x) \theta _j+\int _0^{x} G_{yy}^{II}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi +\int _{x}^{L} G_{yy}^{I}(x,\xi ) q(\xi )d\xi
(40)

Mientras que las fuerzas en los extremos del elemento se calculan a partir de la suma de 5.1 y 5.2, dando como resultado:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}FY_i \\ M_i \\ FY_j \\ M_j \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{Bmatrix}FY_i^h \\ M_i^h \\ FY_j^h \\ M_j^h \end{Bmatrix}+ \begin{Bmatrix}FY_i^f \\ M_i^f \\ FY_j^f \\ M_j^f \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}\dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & -\dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} \\ \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{4EI}{L} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{2EI}{L} \\ -\dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} \\ \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{2EI}{L} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{4EI}{L} \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}v_i \\ \theta _i \\ v_j \\ \theta _j \end{Bmatrix}- \begin{Bmatrix}\int _0^L \psi _2(x) q(x)dx \\ \int _0^L \psi _3(x) q(x)dx \\ \int _0^L \psi _5(x) q(x)dx \\ \int _0^L \psi _6(x) q(x)dx \end{Bmatrix}
(41)

La cual es la formulación del método de rigidez para un elemento tipo viga y es equivalente a la formulación “exacta” del M.E.F. presentada en el Apéndice 12.

6 Formulación analítica del método para elementos tipo pórtico plano

Como se mencionó en la sección 2.3 el elemento tipo pórtico plano es simplemente la superposición de un elemento tipo barra y uno tipo viga, con lo cual a partir de lo presentado en 23 y 41 se tiene que la formulación del método de rigidez para un elemento tipo pórtico plano en coordenadas locales es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}FX_i \\ FY_i \\ M_i \\ FX_j \\ FY_j \\ M_j \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}\dfrac{AE}{L} & 0 & 0 & -\dfrac{AE}{L} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & 0 &-\dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} \\ 0 & \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{4EI}{L} & 0 & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{2EI}{L} \\ -\dfrac{AE}{L} & 0 & 0 & \dfrac{AE}{L} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -\dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & 0 & \dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} \\ 0 & \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{2EI}{L} & 0 & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{4EI}{L} \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}u_i \\ v_i \\ \theta _i \\ u_j \\ v_j \\ \theta _j \end{Bmatrix}- \begin{Bmatrix}\int _0^L \psi _1(x) p(x)dx \\ \int _0^L \psi _2(x) q(x)dx \\ \int _0^L \psi _3(x) q(x)dx \\ \int _0^L \psi _4(x) p(x)dx \\ \int _0^L \psi _5(x) q(x)dx \\ \int _0^L \psi _6(x) q(x)dx \end{Bmatrix}
(42)

Mientras que los campos de desplazamiento en dirección de los ejes locales Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle y}

, se calculan a partir de las ecuaciones 22 y 40 respectivamente.

7 Formulación analítica del método para elementos tipo viga sobre fundación flexible

El P.V.F. que gobierna la formulación del método de rigidez de un elemento tipo viga sobre fundación flexible de sección transversal constante, material elástico lineal, rigidez del suelo por unidad de longitud contante e igual Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle k}

y longitud Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle L}
es (ver Figura 4):

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \frac{d^4v}{dx^4}(x)+4\lambda ^4 v(x)=\frac{q(x)}{EI} (43.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v(0)=v_i (43.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{d v}{dx}(0)=\theta _i (43.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v(L)=v_j (43.d)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{d v}{dx}(L)=\theta _j (43.e)

Donde se ha empleado como ecuación diferencial una versión equivalente de 5, en la cual se define Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \lambda =\sqrt=4}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v_i}

, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \theta _i} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v_j}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \theta _j}
tienen el mismo significado que para la viga (sección 5).

Para este caso la particularización de 7 es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v(x)=v_h(x)+v_f(x)
(44)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v_h(x)}

es el campo de desplazamiento homogéneo (sección 7.1), mientras que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v_f(x)}
es el campo empotrado (sección 7.2).

7.1 Solución del P.V.F. homogéneo

Para este caso el P.V.F. gobernante es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \frac{d^4v_h}{dx^4}(x)+4\lambda ^4 v_h(x)=0 (45.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_h(0)=v_i (45.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{d v_h}{dx}(0)=\theta _i (45.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_h(L)=v_j (45.d)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{d v_h}{dx}(L)=\theta _j (45.e)

Cuya solución se expresa como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_h(x)=\Psi _2(x)v_i+\Psi _3(x)\theta _i+\Psi _5(x)v_j+\Psi _6(x)\theta _j
(46)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi _2(x)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi _3(x)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi _5(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi _6(x)}
son las funciones de forma “exactas” de este problema y tienen el siguiente valor:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \Psi _2(x)=\frac{-(\hbox{s}^2 \cdot \hbox{ch}^2+\hbox{c}^2 \cdot \hbox{sh}^2) \sin (\lambda x)\sinh (\lambda x)+(\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{c}+\hbox{sh} \cdot \hbox{ch})\sin (\lambda x) \cosh (\lambda x) -(\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{c}+\hbox{sh} \cdot \hbox{ch})\cos (\lambda x)\sinh (\lambda x) +(\hbox{sh}^2-\hbox{s}^2)\cos (\lambda x )\cosh (\lambda x)}{\hbox{sh}^2-\hbox{s}^2} (47.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \Psi _3(x)=\frac{1}{\lambda }\frac{(\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{c}-\hbox{sh} \cdot \hbox{ch})\sin (\lambda x)\sinh (\lambda x) +\hbox{sh}^2\sin (\lambda x)\cosh (\lambda x)-\hbox{s}^2\cos (\lambda x)\sinh (\lambda x)}{\hbox{sh}^2-\hbox{s}^2} (47.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \Psi _5(x)=\frac{2\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{sh} \cdot \sin (\lambda x)\sinh (\lambda x) -(\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{ch}+\hbox{c} \cdot \hbox{sh})\sin (\lambda x)\cosh (\lambda x) +(\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{ch}+\hbox{c} \cdot \hbox{sh})\cos (\lambda x)\sinh (\lambda x)}{\hbox{sh}^2-\hbox{s}^2} (47.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \Psi _6(x)=\frac{1}{\lambda }\frac{(\hbox{c} \cdot \hbox{sh}-\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{ch})\sin (\lambda x)\sinh (\lambda x) +\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{sh} \cdot \sin (\lambda x)\cosh (\lambda x) -\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{sh} \cdot \cos (\lambda x)\sinh (\lambda x)}{\hbox{sh}^2-\hbox{s}^2} (47.d)

Y para simplificar la escritura se ha definido: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \hbox{s}=\sin (\lambda L)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \hbox{c}=\cos (\lambda L)}

, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \hbox{sh}=\sinh (\lambda L)}
y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \hbox{ch}=\cosh (\lambda L)}

.

A diferencia de lo que ocurre para el caso la barra y la viga, las funciones de forma “exactas” presentadas en 7.1 no son aquellas que suelen emplearse en la formulación del M.E.F. para vigas sobre fundación flexible, en el cual se emplean las mismas funciones de forma que en este artículo se definieron para la viga. Como se presentará en el apéndice 13, si en la formulación del M.E.F. se emplean 7.1, se obtiene una formulación matricial equivalente a la presentada en el presente método.

7.2 Solución del P.V.F. empotrado

Para este caso el P.V.F. que define al problema empotrado es (ver Figura 7a):

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \frac{d^4v_f}{dx^4}(x)+4\lambda ^4 v_f(x)=\dfrac{q(x)}{EI} (48.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_f(0)=v_i (48.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{d v_f}{dx}(0)=\theta _i (48.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_f(L)=v_j (48.d)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{d v_f}{dx}(L)=\theta _j (48.e)
Carga distribuida arbitraria. Fuerza puntual unitaria.
(a) Carga distribuida arbitraria. (b) Fuerza puntual unitaria.
Figura 7: Vigas sobre fundación flexible de sección transversal contante doblemente empotradas, sometidas a una carga distribuida arbitraria y una carga puntual unitaria.

Mientras que la función de Green (7b) se define por medio del siguiente P.V.F (ver Figura 7b):

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \frac{\partial ^4 \bar{G}_{yy}}{\partial x^4}(x)+4\lambda ^4 \bar{G}_{yy}(x)=\dfrac{\delta (x-\xi )}{EI} (49.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \bar{G}_{yy}(0,\xi )=0 (49.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{\partial \bar{G}_{yy}}{\partial x}(0,\xi )=0 (49.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \bar{G}_{yy}(L,\xi )=0 (49.d)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{\partial \bar{G}_{yy}}{\partial x}(L,\xi )=0 (49.e)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \bar{G}_{yy}(\xi ^-,\xi )-\bar{G}_{yy}(\xi ^+,\xi )=0 (49.f)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{\partial \bar{G}_{yy}}{\partial x}(\xi ^-,\xi )-\dfrac{\partial \bar{G}_{yy}}{\partial x}(\xi ^+,\xi )=0 (49.g)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\dfrac{\partial ^3 \bar{G}_{yy}}{\partial x^3}(\xi ^-,\xi )-EI\dfrac{\partial ^3 \bar{G}_{yy}}{\partial x^3}(\xi ^+,\xi )=-1 (49.h)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -EI\dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar{G}_{yy}}{\partial x^2}(\xi ^-,\xi )+EI\dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar{G}_{yy}}{\partial x^2}(\xi ^+,\xi )=0 (49.i)

Donde se ha usado como convención emplear una linea horizontal encima de la letra Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle G}

para diferenciar esta función de Green de aquella de las vigas.

La solución de 7.2 se expresa en forma compacta como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \bar{G}_{yy}(x,\xi )= \begin{cases}\bar{G}_{yy}^I(x,\xi ) & 0 \leq x \leq \xi \\ \bar{G}_{yy}^{II}(x,\xi ) \qquad & \xi \leq x \leq L \end{cases}
(50)

Donde:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \bar{G}_{yy}^I(x)=A_1 \sin (\lambda x)\sinh (\lambda x)+ B_1\sin (\lambda x)\cosh (\lambda x)+C_1 \cos (\lambda x)\sinh (\lambda x) +D_1\cos (\lambda x)\cosh (\lambda x) (51.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \bar{G}_{yy}^{II}(x)=A_2 \sin (\lambda x)\sinh (\lambda x)+ B_2\sin (\lambda x)\cosh (\lambda x)+C_2 \cos (\lambda x)\sinh (\lambda x) +D_2\cos (\lambda x)\cosh (\lambda x) (51.b)

Y

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): A_1=\dfrac{1}{EI \lambda ^3} \dfrac{\bar{A}_1}{\sin ^2(\lambda L)-\sinh ^2(\lambda L)} (52.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): B_1=\dfrac{1}{EI \lambda ^3} \dfrac{\bar{B}_1}{\sin ^2(\lambda L)-\sinh ^2(\lambda L)} (52.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): A_2=\dfrac{1}{EI \lambda ^3} \dfrac{\bar{A}_2}{\sin ^2(\lambda L)-\sinh ^2(\lambda L)} (52.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): B_2=\dfrac{1}{EI \lambda ^3} \dfrac{\bar{B}_2}{\sin ^2(\lambda L)-\sinh ^2(\lambda L)} (52.d)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): C_2=\dfrac{1}{EI \lambda ^3} \dfrac{\bar{C}_2}{\sin ^2(\lambda L)-\sinh ^2(\lambda L)} (52.e)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): D_2=\dfrac{1}{EI \lambda ^3} \bar{D}_2 (52.f)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \bar{A}_1=\dfrac{1}{2} \left[\sin (\lambda L)\sinh (\lambda \xi )\sin (\lambda b) -\sinh (\lambda L) \sin (\lambda \xi )\sinh (\lambda b) \right]
(53)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \bar{B}_1=\dfrac{1}{4} \left\{\sinh (\lambda L) \left[\sin (\lambda \xi ) \cosh (\lambda b) +\cos (\lambda \xi ) \sinh (\lambda b) \right]\right.
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \left. -\sin (\lambda L) \left[\cosh (\lambda \xi ) \sin (\lambda b) +\sinh (\lambda \xi ) \cos (\lambda b) \right]\right\}
(54)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \bar{C}_1=-\bar{B}_1=-\dfrac{1}{4} \left\{\sinh (\lambda L) \left[\sin (\lambda \xi ) \cosh (\lambda b) +\cos (\lambda \xi ) \sinh (\lambda b) \right]\right.
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \left. -\sin (\lambda L) \left[\cosh (\lambda \xi ) \sin (\lambda b) +\sinh (\lambda \xi ) \cos (\lambda b) \right]\right\}
(55)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \bar{A}_2=\dfrac{1}{16} \left\{-4\sin (\lambda \xi )\sinh ^2(\lambda L) \cosh (\lambda \xi ) +8\sin (\lambda \xi ) \sinh (\lambda L)\sinh (\lambda \xi ) \cosh (\lambda L) -2\sin (\lambda \xi ) \cosh (\lambda \xi ) \right.
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \left. -\sin=\lambda(L+b)\cosh (\lambda \xi ) +\sin=\lambda (2L+\xi)\cosh (\lambda \xi ) +4\cos (\lambda \xi ) \sinh ^2(\lambda L) \sinh (\lambda \xi ) \right.
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \left. +2\cos (\lambda \xi )\sinh (\lambda \xi ) -3\cos=\lambda (L+b)\sinh (\lambda \xi ) +\cos=\lambda (2L+\xi)\sinh (\lambda \xi ) \right\}
(56)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \bar{B}_2=\dfrac{1}{16} \left\{4\sin (\lambda \xi )\sinh (\lambda \xi ) +3\sin ( \lambda \xi ) \sinh=\lambda (L+b) -\sin (\lambda \xi ) \sinh=\lambda(2L+\xi) -\sin=\lambda(L+b)\sinh (\lambda \xi ) \right.
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \left. -\sin=\lambda (2L+\xi)\sinh (\lambda \xi ) +\cos (\lambda \xi )\cosh=\lambda (L+b) -\cos (\lambda \xi )\cosh=\lambda (2L+\xi) +\cos=\lambda(L+b)\cosh (\lambda \xi ) \right.
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \left. -\cos=\lambda(2L+\xi)\cosh(\lambda \xi) \right\}
(57)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \bar{C}_2=\dfrac{1}{16} \left\{4\sin (\lambda \xi ) \sinh (\lambda \xi )-\sin (\lambda \xi ) \sinh=\lambda (L+b)(\lambda \xi )\sinh (2L+\xi ) +3\sin=\lambda (L+b)\sinh (\lambda \xi ) \right.
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \left. -\sin=\lambda (2L+\xi)\sinh (\lambda \xi )-\cos (\lambda \xi ) \cosh=\lambda (L+b) +\cos (\lambda \xi )\cosh [\lambda (2L+\xi )]-\cos [\lambda (L+b)]\cos (\lambda \xi ) \right.
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \left. +\cos=\lambda (2L+\xi)\cosh (\lambda \xi ) \right\}
(58)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \bar{D}_2=\dfrac{1}{4} \left[\cos (\lambda \xi ) \sinh (\lambda \xi ) -\sin (\lambda \xi )\cosh (\lambda \xi ) \right]
(59)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): b=L-\xi
(60)

Multiplicando a ambos lados de 49.a por Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle q(\xi )}

e integrando respecto a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \xi }
entre 0 y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle L}
se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \int _0^L \dfrac{\partial ^4 \bar{G}_{yy}}{\partial x^4}(x,\xi )q(\xi )d\xi{+4}\lambda ^4 \int _0^L \bar{G}_{yy}(x,\xi )q(\xi )d\xi = \dfrac{1}{EI}\int _0^L \delta (x-\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{\partial ^4}{\partial x^4} \left[\int _0^L \bar{G}_{yy}(x,\xi )q(\xi )d\xi \right] +4\lambda ^4\int _0^L \bar{G}_{yy}(x,\xi )q(\xi )d\xi =\dfrac{q(x)}{EI}
(61)

Donde se empleó que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle q(x)=\int _0^L \delta (x-\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi } .

De comparar 18 y 48.a se concluye que:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_f(x)=\int _0^L \bar{G}_{yy}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi =\int _0^x \bar{G}^I_{yy}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi{+\int}_x^L \bar{G}^{II}_{yy}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi
(62)

Mientras que las fuerzas internas empotradas se calculan como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_f(x)=EI \dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar{G}_{yy}}{\partial x^2}(x,\xi ) =EI \left[\int _0^x \dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar{G}^I_{yy}}{\partial x^2}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi +\int _x^L \dfrac{\partial ^2 \bar{G}^{II}_{yy}}{\partial x^2}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi \right] (63.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): V_f(x)=-EI \dfrac{\partial ^3 \bar{G}_{yy}}{\partial x^3}(x,\xi ) =-EI \left[\int _0^x \dfrac{\partial ^3 \bar{G}^I_{yy}}{\partial x^3}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi +\int _x^L \dfrac{\partial ^3 \bar{G}^{II}_{yy}}{\partial x^3}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi \right] (63.b)

Y las reacciones o fuerzas de empotramiento se calculan como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_i^f=-V_f(0)=-\int _0^L \Psi _2(\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi=-\int_0^L \Psi _2(x) q(x) dx (64.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_i^f =-M_f(0)=-\int _0^L \Psi _3(\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi=-\int_0^L \Psi _3(x) q(x) dx (64.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_j^f=V_f(L) =-\int _0^L \Psi _5(\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi=-\int_0^L \Psi _5(x) q(x) dx (64.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_j^f =M_f(L) =-\int _0^L \Psi _6(\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi=-\int_0^L \Psi _6(x) q(x) dx (64.d)

7.3 Superposición del campo homogéneo y el campo empotrado

Reemplazando 46 y 62 en 44, el campo de desplazamiento total se expresa en función de los desplazamientos de los extremos del elemento y de la carga externa como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v(x)=\psi _2(x) v_i+\psi _3(x) \theta _i+\psi _5(x) v_j+\psi _6(x) \theta _j+\int _0^{x} \bar{G}_{yy}^{II}(x,\xi ) q(\xi ) d\xi +\int _{x}^{L} \bar{G}_{yy}^{I}(x,\xi ) q(\xi )d\xi
(65)

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}FY_i \\ M_i \\ FY_j \\ M_j \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{Bmatrix}FY_i^h \\ M_i^h \\ FY_j^h \\ M_j^h \end{Bmatrix}+ \begin{Bmatrix}FY_i^f \\ M_i^f \\ FY_j^f \\ M_j^f \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}k_{22} & k_{23} & k_{25} & k_{26} \\ k_{32} & k_{33} & k_{35} & k_{36} \\ k_{52} & k_{53} & k_{55} & k_{56} \\ k_{62} & k_{63} & k_{65} & k_{66} \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}v_i \\ \theta _i \\ v_j \\ \theta _j \end{Bmatrix}- \begin{Bmatrix}\int _0^L \Psi _2(x) q(x)dx \\ \int _0^L \Psi _3(x) q(x)dx \\ \int _0^L \Psi _5(x) q(x)dx \\ \int _0^L \Psi _6(x) q(x)dx \end{Bmatrix}
(66)

Donde los términos de la matriz de rigidez son ([21]):

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): k_{22}=k_{55}=4EI \lambda ^3 \frac{\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{c}+\hbox{sh} \cdot \hbox{ch}}{\hbox{sh}^2-\hbox{s}^2} (67.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): k_{23}=k_{32}=-k_{56}=-k_{65}=2EI \lambda ^2 \frac{\hbox{s}^2+\hbox{sh}^2}{\hbox{sh}^2-\hbox{s}^2} (67.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): k_{25}=k_{52}=-4EI \lambda ^3 \frac{\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{ch}+\hbox{c} \cdot \hbox{sh}}{\hbox{sh}^2-\hbox{s}^2} (67.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): k_{26}=k_{62}=-k_{35}=-k_{53}=4EI \lambda ^2 \frac{\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{sh}}{\hbox{sh}^2-\hbox{s}^2} (67.d)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): k_{33}=k_{66}=2 EI \lambda \frac{\hbox{sh} \cdot \hbox{ch}-\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{c}}{\hbox{sh}^2-\hbox{s}^2} (67.e)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): k_{36}=k_{63}=2EI \lambda \frac{\hbox{s} \cdot \hbox{ch}-\hbox{c} \cdot \hbox{sh}}{\hbox{sh}^2-\hbox{s}^2} (67.f)

Es importante resaltar que 66 corresponde a la formulación analítica del método de rigidez para una viga sobre fundación flexible y es equivalente a aquella formulación “exacta” del M.F.F. que se presenta en el Apéndice 13.

8 Ejemplos

8.1 Viga

Calcular la respuesta (reacciones, campos de desplazamientos y campos de fuerzas internas) de la viga presentada en la Figura 8a.
Problema a resolver. Discretización.
(a) Problema a resolver. (b) Discretización.
Figura 8: Viga con articulación interior y discretización empleada para su solución.

Discretización

La discretización a emplear en la solución de este problema se presenta en la Figura 8b y consta de solo dos elementos. El elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}

tiene una carga externa definida en tres tramos, mientras que el elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle B}
tiene una carga externa lineal sobre toda su longitud.

Definición de las funciones de carga externa

Para el elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}

su carga externa se define como:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {q_A(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}Q\left[-2+4\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}-4\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 \right]\qquad & 0 \leq {x'}_< < \dfrac{L}{3} \\ 0 & \dfrac{L}{3}{ < x'}_A < \dfrac{2L}{3} \\ Q\left[-2+4\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}-4\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 \right]& \dfrac{2L}{3}{ < x'}_A \leq L \end{cases}
(68)

O en forma compacta como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {q_A(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}q_A^{1}{(x'} A) \qquad & 0 \leq {x'}_< < \dfrac{L}{3} \\[0.3cm] q_A^{2}{(x'} A) & \dfrac{L}{3}{ < x'}_A < \dfrac{2L}{3} \\[0.3cm] q_A^{3}{(x'} A) & \dfrac{2L}{3}{ < x'}_A \leq L \end{cases}
(69)

Por su parte la carga externa en el elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle B}

es:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {q_B(x'}_B)=Q\left(-2+2\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)
(70)

Cálculo de las fuerzas de empotramiento

Según lo presentado en 5.2, las fuerzas de empotramiento del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}

se calculan como:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_1^{Af}=\int _0^L \psi {_2(x'}_Ax'_A)dx'_)dx'_A=\dfrac{40}{81}QL (71.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_1 ^{Af}=\int _0^L \psi {_3(x'}_Ax'_A)dx'_)dx'_A=\dfrac{71}{1215}QL^2 (71.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_2^{Af}=\int _0^L \psi {_5(x'}_Ax'_A)dx'_)dx'_A=\dfrac{40}{81}QL (71.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_2 ^{Af}=\int _0^L \psi {_6(x'}_A)'_A)dx'_)dx'_A=-\dfrac{71}{1215}QL^2 (71.d)

Mientras que las del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle B}

como:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_2^{Bf}=\int _0^L \psi {_2(x'}_Bx'_B)dx'_)dx'_B=\dfrac{7}{10}QL (72.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_2 ^{Bf}=\int _0^L \psi {_3(x'}_Bx'_B)dx'_)dx'_B=\dfrac{1}{10}QL^2 (72.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_3^{Bf}=\int _0^L \psi {_5(x'}_Bx'_B)dx'_)dx'_B=\dfrac{3}{10}QL (72.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_3 ^{Bf}=\int _0^L \psi {_6(x'}_B)'_B)dx'_)dx'_B=-\dfrac{1}{15}QL^2 (72.d)

Sistema matricial de ecuaciones de cada elemento

A partir de lo presentado en 41, la formulación del método de rigidez para el elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}

es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}FY_1 \\ M_1 \\ FY_2^A \\ M_2^A \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}\dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & -\dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} \\ \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{4EI}{L} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{2EI}{L} \\ -\dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} \\ \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{2EI}{L} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{4EI}{L} \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}v_1 \\ \theta _1 \\ v_2^A \\ \theta _2^A \end{Bmatrix}+ \begin{Bmatrix}\dfrac{40}{81}QL \\ \dfrac{71}{1215}QL^2 \\ \dfrac{40}{81}QL \\ -\dfrac{71}{1215}QL^2 \end{Bmatrix}
(73)

Mientras que para elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle B}

este es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}FY_2^B \\ M_2^B \\ FY_3 \\ M_3 \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}\dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & -\dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} \\ \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{4EI}{L} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{2EI}{L} \\ -\dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{12EI}{L^3} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} \\ \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{2EI}{L} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{4EI}{L} \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}v_2 \\ \theta _2^B \\ v_3 \\ \theta _3 \end{Bmatrix}+ \begin{Bmatrix}\dfrac{7}{10}QL \\ \dfrac{1}{10}QL^2 \\ \dfrac{3}{10}QL \\ -\dfrac{1}{15}QL^2 \end{Bmatrix}
(74)

Cálculo de los desplazamientos nodales desconocidos

A partir de las fuerzas externas e internas conocidas en los nodos, y empleando continuidad de desplazamientos y equilibrio en estos, se obtiene el siguiente sistema lineal de tres ecuaciones con igual número de incógnitas:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}FY_2 \\ M_2^A \\ M_2^B \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{Bmatrix}FY_2^A+FY_2^B \\ M_2^A \\ M_2^B \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{Bmatrix}0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}\dfrac{24EI}{L^3} & -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} \\ -\dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & \dfrac{4EI}{L} & 0 \\ \dfrac{6EI}{L^2} & 0 & \dfrac{4EI}{L} \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}v_2 \\ \theta _2^A \\ \theta _2^B \end{Bmatrix}+ \begin{Bmatrix}\dfrac{967}{810}QL \\ -\dfrac{71}{1215}QL^2 \\ \dfrac{1}{10}QL^2 \end{Bmatrix}
(75)

Cuya solución es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}v_2 \\ \theta _2^A \\ \theta _2^B \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{Bmatrix}-\dfrac{1549}{9720} \dfrac{QL^4}{EI} \\ -\dfrac{4363}{19440} \dfrac{QL^3}{EI} \\ \dfrac{1387}{6480} \dfrac{QL^3}{EI} \\ \end{Bmatrix}
(76)

Cálculo del campo de desplazamiento del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): A

Reemplazando los desplazamientos nodales del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}

en 27, se obtiene que el campo de desplazamiento homogéneo para este elemento es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): { v_A^h(x'}_A)=\dfrac{QL^4}{EI} \left[-\dfrac{4931}{19440} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 +\dfrac{611}{6480} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3 \right]
(77)

Mientras que debido a que la carga externa en el elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}

tiene tres tramos, el campo de desplazamientos empotrado también los tendrá, es decir:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): { v_A^f(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}v_A^{f-1}{(x'} A) \qquad & 0 \leq {x'}_< < \dfrac{L}{3} \\[0.3cm] v_A^{f-2}{(x'} A) \qquad & \dfrac{L}{3}{ < x'}_A < \dfrac{2L}{3} \\[0.3cm] v_A^{f-3}{(x'} A) & \dfrac{2L}{3}{ < x'}_A \leq L \end{cases}
(78)

Donde, a partir de 36, el campo de desplazamiento empotrado en cada uno de los tres tramos se calcula como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_A^{f-1}{(x'}_A)=\int _0^{{x'}_A} q_A^1(\xi _A) G_{yy}^{II}{(x'}_A,\xi _A)d\xi +\int _{{x'}_A}^{L/3} q_A^1(\xi ) G_{yy}^{I}{(x'}_A,\xi _A)d\xi _A +\int _{2L/3}^L q_A^3(\xi _A) G_{yy}^{I}{(x'}_A,\xi _A)d\xi _A
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =\dfrac{QL^4}{EI}\left[-\dfrac{71}{2430}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^2+\dfrac{20}{243} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3 -\dfrac{1}{12} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^4 +\dfrac{1}{30} \left(\frac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^5 -\dfrac{1}{90} \left(\frac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^6 \right]
(79)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_A^{f-2}{(x'}_A)=\int _0^{L/3} q_A^1(\xi _A) G_{yy}^{II}{(x'}_A,\xi _A)d\xi _A +\int _{2L/3}^L q_A^3(\xi ) G_{yy}^{I}{(x'}_A,\xi _A)d\xi _A
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =\dfrac{QL^4}{EI} \left[\dfrac{83}{131220}-\dfrac{19}{2430} \dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} +\dfrac{19}{2430}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^2 \right]
(80)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_A^{f-3}{(x'}_A)=\int _0^{L/3} q_A^1(\xi _A) G_{II}{(x'}_A,\xi _A)d\xi _A +\int _{2L/3}^{{x'}_A} q_A^3(\xi _A) G_{II}{(x'}_A,\xi _A)d\xi _A +\int _{{x'}_A}^L q_A^3(\xi _A) G_{I}{(x'}_A,\xi _A)d\xi _A
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =\dfrac{QL^4}{EI} \left[-\dfrac{13}{1620}+\dfrac{109}{2430} \dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} -\dfrac{281}{2430}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^2 +\dfrac{34}{243}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^3 -\dfrac{1}{12}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^4 +\dfrac{1}{30}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^5-\dfrac{1}{90}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^6 \right]
(81)

Ahora sumando 77 y 78 se obtiene que el campo de desplazamiento total en el elemento es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): { v_A(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}{v_A^I(x'}_A) & 0 \leq {x'}_< < \dfrac{L}{3}\\[0.5cm] v_A^{II}{(x'} A) & \dfrac{L}{3}{ < x'}_A \leq \dfrac{2}{3}L \\[0.5cm] v_A^{III}{(x'} A) \qquad & \dfrac{2}{3}{L < x'}_A \leq L \end{cases}
(82)

Donde:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {v_A^I(x'}_A)=\dfrac{QL^4}{EI} \left[-\dfrac{611}{2160}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 +\dfrac{3433}{19440}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3 -\dfrac{1}{12} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^4 + \dfrac{1}{30}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^5 - \dfrac{1}{90}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^6 \right]
(83)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_A^{II}{(x'}=A)=\dfrac{QL^4}{EI} \left[\dfrac{83}{131220}-\dfrac{19}{2430}\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} -\dfrac{59}{240} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 +\dfrac{611}{6480} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3 \right]
(84)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_A^{III}{(x'}=A)=\dfrac{QL^4}{EI} \left[-\dfrac{13}{1620}+\dfrac{109}{2430}\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} -\dfrac{2393}{6480} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 + \dfrac{4553}{19440}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3 - \dfrac{1}{12}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^4 \right.
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \left. + \dfrac{1}{30} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^5 -\dfrac{1}{90} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^6 \right]
(85)

Cálculo del campo de desplazamiento del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): B

Procediendo de igual manera a como se hizo para el elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A} , se calculan los campos de desplazamiento homogéneo, empotrado y total del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle B}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {v_B^h(x'}_B)=\frac{QL^4}{EI} \left[-\frac{1549}{9720}+\frac{1387}{6480} \frac{{x'}_B}{L} +\frac{1}{20} \left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^2-\frac{407}{3888} \left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^3 \right] (86.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): { v_B^f(x'}_B)=\frac{QL^4}{EI} \left[-\frac{1}{20} \left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^2 +\frac{7}{60} \left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^3-\frac{1}{12} \left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^4 +\frac{1}{60} \left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^5 \right] (86.b)

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): { v_B(x'}_B)=\frac{QL^4}{EI} \left[-\frac{1549}{9720}+\frac{1387}{6480}\frac{{x'}_B}{L} +\frac{233}{19440} \left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^3-\frac{1}{12} \left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^4 +\frac{1}{60}\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^5 \right]
(87)
Como resumen, en la Figura 9 se presenta el campo de desplazamientos en toda la viga:
Diagrama del campo de desplazamientos.
Figura 9: Diagrama del campo de desplazamientos.

Cálculos de los campos de fuerzas internas

A partir de 82 y empleando 2.2, se obtiene que las fuerzas internas para el elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}

son:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {V_A(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}QL \left[-\dfrac{3433}{3240} + 2\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} - 2\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2+\dfrac{4}{3}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3 \right]\qquad & 0 \leq {x'}_< < \dfrac{L}{3}\\[0.5cm] -\dfrac{611}{1080}QL & \dfrac{L}{3}{ < x'}_A \leq \dfrac{2}{3}L \\[0.5cm] QL\left[-\dfrac{4553}{3240}+2\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}-2\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2+\dfrac{4}{3} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3 \right]& \dfrac{2}{3}{L < x'}_A \leq L \end{cases}
(88)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {M_A(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}QL^2 \left[-\dfrac{611}{1080} + \dfrac{3433}{3240}\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} - \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 + \dfrac{2}{3}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3 - \dfrac{1}{3}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^4 \right]& 0 \leq {x'}_A \leq \dfrac{L}{3}\\[0.5cm] QL^2 \left[-\dfrac{59}{120}+\dfrac{611}{1080}\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right]& \dfrac{L}{3} \leq {x'}_A \leq \dfrac{2}{3}L \\[0.5cm] QL^2 \left[-\dfrac{2393}{3240} + \dfrac{4553}{3240}\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} - \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 + \dfrac{2}{3} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3 -\dfrac{1}{3} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^4 \right]\qquad & \dfrac{2}{3}L \leq {x'}_A \leq L \end{cases}
(89)

De forma similar, a partir de 87, se tiene que los campos de fuerzas internas en el elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle B}

son:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {V_B(x'}_B)=QL \left[-\dfrac{233}{3240} + 2\dfrac{{x'}_B}{L} - \left(\dfrac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^2 \right] (90.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): { M_B(x'}_B)=QL^2 \left[\frac{233}{3240}{x'}_B-\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^2 + \frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^3 \right] (90.b)
Como resumen de los anteriores resultados, en la Figura 10 se presentan las fuerzas internas en toda la viga.
Fuerza cortante. Momento flector.
(a) Fuerza cortante. (b) Momento flector.
Figura 10: Diagramas de fuerzas internas.

Cálculo de las reacciones

Aunque es posible calcular las reacciones mediante el cálculo de un sistema lineal de ecuaciones, donde las incógnitas sean las cuatro reacciones, a continuación se calcularán a partir de los campo de fuerzas internas calculados anteriormente:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_1=-V_A(0)=\dfrac{3433}{3240}QL (91.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_1=-M_A(0)=\dfrac{611}{1080}QL^2 (91.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_3=V_B(L)=\dfrac{3007}{3240}QL (91.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_3=M_B(L)=-\dfrac{1927}{3240}QL^2 (91.d)

Para revisar la validez de los resultados anteriores, a continuación se realizará el equilibrio vertical y rotacional respecto al nudo 1 de toda la viga:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \sum FY=FY_1+FY_3+\int _0^{L/3} Q\left[-2+4\frac{{x'}_A}{L}-4\left(\frac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 \right]{dx'}_A +\int _{2L/3}^{L}Q\left[-2+4\frac{{x'}_A}{L}-4\left(\frac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 \right]{dx'}_A
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +\int _0^L Q \left(-2+2\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right){dx'}_B=0
(92)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \sum M_1=M_1+M_3+2FY_3+\int _0^{L/3} Q\left[-2+4\frac{{x'}_A}{L}-4\left(\frac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 \right]{x'}_A '_A_A +\int _{2L/3}^{L}Q\left[-2+4\frac{{x'}_A}{L}-4\left(\frac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 \right]{x'}_dx'_A_A
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +\int _0^L Q \left(-2+2\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right){(L+x'}_B)dx'_B=0
(93)

En el siguiente link se encuentra el código de Python empleado para la solución de este ejemplo: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1-rqbQquE5YmvSKxRtQW2z7Lpm1O8C8-Y

8.2 Viga sobre fundación flexible

Resolver la viga sobre fundación flexible presentada en la Figura 11a.
Problema a resolver. Discretización.
(a) Problema a resolver. (b) Discretización.
Figura 11: Viga sobre fundación flexible y discretización empleada para su solución.

Discretización

Para este problema se empleará la discretización de un solo elemento presentada en la Figura 11b, la cual muestra una de las principales bondades de la presente metodología que consiste en minimizar el número de elementos a emplear, pues usualmente en la solución de este problema se emplearía una discretización con tres elementos para obtener la respuesta exacta.

Definición de la carga externa

La carga externa en este problema es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): q(x)= \begin{cases}0 & 0\hbox{ m} < x < 3\hbox{ m} \\ -1 \, \hbox{ kN} \qquad & 3\hbox{ m} < x < 4\hbox{ m} \\ 0 & 4\hbox{ m} < x < 5\hbox{ m} \end{cases}
(94)

Formulación del sistema de ecuaciones de cada elemento

A partir de 66 se tiene que la formulación del método de rigidez para el único elemento de la discretización es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}FY_1 \\ M_1 \\ FY_2 \\ M_2 \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}651356 & 212132 & -701 & 387 \\ 212132 & 138173 & -387 & 103 \\ -701 & -387 & 651356 & -212132 \\ 387 & 103 & -212132 & 138173 \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}v_1^A \\ \theta _1^A \\ v_2^A \\ \theta _2^A \end{Bmatrix}+ \begin{Bmatrix}-0.00217865 \\ -0.0027525 \\ 0.0351345 \\ -0.05640796 \end{Bmatrix}
(95)

Obtención de los desplazamientos nodales

La solución de 95 es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}v_1 \\ \theta _1 \\ v_2 \\ \theta _2 \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{Bmatrix}-6.690465x10^{-9} \, \hbox{m} \\ 3.014775x10^{-8} \, \hbox{rad} \\ 1.580475x10^{-7} \, \hbox{m} \\ 6.508803x10^{-7} \, \hbox{rad} \end{Bmatrix}
(96)

Cálculo del campo de desplazamientos

Para el cálculo del campo de desplazamientos se realizará la siguiente superposición o descomposición:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v(x)=v_h(x)+v_f(x)
(97)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v_h(x)}

es el campo de desplazamientos homogéneo y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v_f(x)}
es el campo de desplazamientos empotrado. A partir de 46 y empleando los desplazamientos y rotaciones nodales, se obtiene que el campo de desplazamiento homogéneo es:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_h(x)=-1.297541x10^{-8}\sin (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x) +1.316325x10^{-8}\sin (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +6.473651x10^{-9}\cos (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x) -6.690466x10^{-9}\cos (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
(98)

Mientras que el campo de desplazamiento empotrado se calcula a partir de 62 y se expresa como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_f(x)= \begin{cases}v_f^I(x) & 0 \leq x \leq 3\hbox{ m} \\ v_f^{II}(x) & 3\hbox{ m} \leq x \leq 4\hbox{ m} \\ v_f^{III}(x) & 4\hbox{ m} \leq x \leq 5\hbox{ m} \end{cases}
(99)

Donde:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_f^I(x)=1.297541x10^{-8}\sin (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x) -3.344800x10^{-9}\sin (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +3.344800x10^{-9}\cos (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x)
(100)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_f^{II}(x)=-3.779091x10^{-7}\sin=1.535260(x-3)\sinh=1.535260(x-3)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): + 7.449378x10^{-7}\sin=1.535260(x-3)\cosh=1.535260(x-3)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): - 7.449378x10^{-7}\cos=1.535260(x-3)\sinh=1.535260(x-3)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): + 1.0x10^{-6}\cos=1.535260(x-3)\cosh=1.535260(x-3)- 1.0x10^{-6}
(101)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_f^{III}(x)=1.684965x10^{-5}\sin (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x) -1.684965x10^{-5}\sin (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +2.352508x10^{-4}\cos (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x) -2.352506x10^{-4}\cos (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
(102)

Con lo cual el campo de desplazamiento total es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v(x)= \begin{cases}v^I(x) & 0 \leq x \leq 3\hbox{ m} \\ v^{II}(x) & 3\hbox{ m} \leq x \leq 4\hbox{ m} \\ v^{III}(x) & 4\hbox{ m} \leq x \leq 5\hbox{ m} \end{cases}
(103)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v^I(x)=9.818452x10^{-9}\sin (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x) +9.818452x10^{-9}\cos (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -6.690465x10^{-9}\cos (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
(104)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v^{II}(x)=1.034235x10^{-7}\sin (1.535260(x-3)]\sinh (1.535260(x-3)]
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): + 1.032491x10^{-7}\sin (1.535260(x-3)]\cosh (1.535260(x-3)]
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): - 5.050451x10^{-7}\cos (1.535260(x-3)]\sinh (1.535260(x-3)]
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): + 4.948749x10^{-7}\cos (1.535260(x-3)]\cosh (1.535260(x-3)] - 1.0x10^{-6}
(105)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v^{III}(x)=1.683667x10^{-5}\sin (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x) -1.683648x10^{-5}\sin (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +2.352573x10^{-4}\cos (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x) -2.352573x10^{-4}\cos (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
(106)

En la Figura 9 se presenta de forma gráfica el campo de desplazamiento vertical en toda la viga.

Cálculo de las fuerzas que el suelo le hace a la viga

La fuerza que el suelo ejerce sobre la viga se calcula a partir del campo de desplazamientos de la siguiente forma:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): f_S(x)=-kv(x)= \begin{cases}f_S^I(x) & 0 \leq x \leq 3\hbox{ m} \\ f_S^{II}(x) & 3\hbox{ m} \leq x \leq 4\hbox{ m} \\ f_S^{III}(x) & 4\hbox{ m} \leq x \leq 5\hbox{ m} \end{cases}
(107)

Donde:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): f_S^I(x)=-kv^I(x)= -9.818452x10^{-3}\sin (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -9.818452x10^{-3}\cos (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x) +6.690465x10^{-3}\cos (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
(108)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): f_S^{II}(x)=-kv^{II}(x)= -0.1034235\sin=1.535260(x-3)\sinh=1.535260(x-3)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -0.1032491\sin=1.535260(x-3)\cosh=1.535260(x-3)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +0.5050450\cos=1.535260(x-3)\sinh=1.535260(x-3)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -0.4948749\cos=1.535260(x-3)\cosh=1.535260(x-3)+ 1
(109)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): f_S^{III}(x)=-kv^{III}(x)= 1.684965x10^{-5}\sin (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -1.684965x10^{-5}\sin (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +2.352508x10^{-4}\cos (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x) -2.352506x10^{-4}\cos (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
(110)
Como resumen de las anteriores tres ecuaciones, en la Figura 9 se presenta la fuerza el suelo ejerce sobre la viga.
Campo de la fuerza que el suelo ejerce sobre la viga.Campos de desplazamiento en la viga y fuerza que el suelo ejerce sobre la viga. Campo de desplazamientos.
(b) Campo de la fuerza que el suelo ejerce sobre la viga.
Figura a: Campo de desplazamientos.

Como revisión las fuerzas que el suelo realiza sobre la viga y por ende del campo de desplazamientos, a continuación se revisará el equilibrio vertical y rotacional al rededor del punto 1 para toda la viga:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \sum FY= -1-k\int {_0^3 v^I(x)dx'}_A-k \int _3^4 v(x)^{II}dx-k\int _4^5 v(x)dx=0 (111.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \sum M_1= -3.5-k \int _0^3 v^I(x)x dx-k \int _3^4 v^{II}(x)x dx-k \int _4^5 v^{III}(x)x dx=0 (111.b)

Cálculo de las fuerzas internas

A partir del campo de desplazamientos es posible obtener el campo de momento flector como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M(x)=EI \frac{d^2 v}{dx^2}(x)= \begin{cases}M^I(x) & 0 \leq x \leq 3\hbox{ m} \\ M^{II}(x) & 3\hbox{ m} \leq x \leq 4\hbox{ m} \\ M^{III}(x) & 4\hbox{ m} \leq x \leq 5\hbox{ m} \end{cases}
(112)

Donde:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M^I(x)=EI \frac{d^2 v^I}{dx}(x)=1.419262x10^{-3}\sin (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -2.082808x10^{-3}\sin (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)+2.082808x10^{-3}\cos (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x)
(113)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M^{II}(x)=EI \frac{d^2 v^{II}}{dx^2}(x)=-0.104979\sin=1.535260(x-3)\sinh=1.535260(x-3)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +0.107136\sin=1.535260(x-3)\cosh=1.535260(x-3)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +0.0219024\cos=1.535260(x-3)\sinh=1.535260(x-3)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +0.0219394\cos=1.535260(x-3)\cosh=1.535260(x-3)
(114)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M^{III}(x)=EI \frac{d^2 v^{III}}{dx^2}(x)=49.905617\sin (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -49.905603\sin (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -3.571557\cos (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x) +3.571597\cos (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
(115)

Mientras que el campo de fuerza cortante se calcula como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): V(x)=-EI \frac{d^3 v}{dx^3}(x)= \begin{cases}V^I(x) & 0 \leq x \leq 3\hbox{ m} \\ V^{II}(x) & 3\hbox{ m} \leq x \leq 4\hbox{ m} \\ V^{III}(x) & 4\hbox{ m} \leq x \leq 5\hbox{ m} \end{cases}
(116)

Donde:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): V^I(x)=-EI \frac{d^3 v^I}{dx^3}{(x'}_ 6.395303x10x10^{-3}\sin (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -2.178936x10^{-3}\sin (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x) -2.178936x10^{-3}\cos (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x)
(117)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): V^{II}(x)=-EI \frac{d^3 v^{II}}{dx}(x)= -0.1308560\sin=1.535260(x-3)\sinh=1.535260(x-3)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +0.1948525\sin=1.535260(x-3)\cosh=1.535260(x-3)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +0.1274870\cos=1.535260(x-3)\sinh=1.535260(x-3)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -0.1981079\cos=1.535260(x-3)\cosh=1.535260(x-3)
(118)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): V^{III}(x)=-EI \frac{d^3 v^{III}}{dx^3}(x)=71.134797\sin (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -71.134758\sin (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x) -82.101417\cos (1.535260x)\sinh (1.535260x)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +82.101334\cos (1.535260x)\cosh (1.535260x)
(119)
En las Figuras 10a y 10b se presentan respectivamente las Figuras de los campos de fuerza cortante y momento flector para toda la viga.
Fuerza cortante. Momento flector.
(a) Fuerza cortante. (b) Momento flector.
Figura 13: Campos de fuerzas internas.

En el siguiente link se encuentra el código de Python empleado para la solución de este ejemplo: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1yq_G2WYO3X6oUW3Nnlq4jb9ATUd_WvlP

8.3 Pórtico plano

Resolver el pórtico plano presentado en la Figura 14a cuyos elementos son rectangulares de base y altura iguales a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle L/20}

y cuyo módulo de elasticidad es Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle E}
.
Problema a resolver. Discretización.
(a) Problema a resolver. (b) Discretización.
Figura 14: Pórtico plano sometido a cargas externas oblicuas y discretización empleada para su solución.

Discretización

En la Figura 14b se presenta la discretización y ejes locales a emplear en la solución de este ejercicio.

Definición de la carga externa en coordenadas locales

A partir de la Figura 14a, es posible obtener el valor de la carga externa en dirección Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {x'}_A}

del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {p_A(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}\dfrac{24}{25}Q\left(-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right) \qquad & 0 \leq {x'}_< < \dfrac{L}{2} \\[0.3cm] \dfrac{24}{25}Q\left(-1+\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right) & \dfrac{L}{2}{ < x'}_A \leq L \end{cases}
(120.a)

Mientras que la carga externa en dirección del eje Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {y'}_A}

en el elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}
es:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {q_A(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}\dfrac{32}{25}Q\left(-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)\qquad & 0 \leq {x'}_< < \dfrac{L}{2} \\[0.3cm] \dfrac{32}{25}Q\left(-1+\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right) & \dfrac{L}{2}{ < x'}_A \leq L \end{cases}
(121.a)

De forma similar, se tiene que las cargas externas en dirección de los ejes Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {x'}_B}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {y'}_B}
en el elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle B}
son respectivamente:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {p_B(x'}_B)=\dfrac{12}{25}Q\left(-1+\dfrac{{x'}_B}{L}\right) (122.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): { q_B(x'}_B)=\dfrac{ 9}{25}Q\left(-1+\dfrac{{x'}_B}{L}\right) (122.b)

Cálculo del sistema de ecuaciones de cada elemento en coordenadas locales

A partir de lo presentado en 42 se tiene que las ecuaciones del método de rigidez en coordenadas locales para los elementos Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle B}
son respectivamente:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}\left.{FX'}_1 \right.^{A} \\ \left.{FY'}_1 \right.^{A} \\ \left.{M'}_1 \right.^{A} \\ \left.{FX'}_2 \right.^{A} \\ \left.{FY'}_2 \right.^{A} \\ \left.{M'}_2 \right.^{A} \end{Bmatrix}=E \begin{bmatrix}\dfrac{L}{400} & 0 & 0 & -\dfrac{L}{400} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \dfrac{L}{160000} & \dfrac{L^2}{320000} & 0 & -\dfrac{L}{160000} & \dfrac{L^2}{320000} \\ 0 & \dfrac{L^2}{320000} & \dfrac{L^3}{480000} & 0 & -\dfrac{L^2}{320000} & \dfrac{L^3}{960000} \\ -\dfrac{L}{400} & 0 & 0 & \dfrac{L}{400} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -\dfrac{L}{160000} & -\dfrac{L^2}{320000} & 0 & \dfrac{L}{160000} & -\dfrac{L^2}{320000} \\ 0 & \dfrac{L^2}{320000} & \dfrac{L^3}{960000} & 0 & -\dfrac{L^2}{320000} & \dfrac{L^3}{480000} \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}\left.{u'}_1 \right.^A \\ \left.{v'}_1 \right.^A \\ \left.\theta' _1 \right.^A \\ \left.{u'}_2 \right.^A \\ \left.{v'}_2 \right.^A \\ \left.\theta' _2 \right.^A \end{Bmatrix}+Q \begin{Bmatrix}\dfrac{7}{50}L \\ \dfrac{47}{250}L \\ \dfrac{41}{1500}L^2 \\ \dfrac{1}{10}L \\ \dfrac{33}{250}L \\ -\dfrac{13}{500}L^2 \end{Bmatrix}
(123)

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}\left.{FX'}_2 \right.^B \\ \left.{FY'}_2 \right.^B \\ \left.{M'}_2 \right.^B \\ \left.{FX'}_3 \right.^B \\ \left.{FY'}_3 \right.^B \\ \left.{M'}_3 \right.^B \end{Bmatrix}=E \begin{bmatrix}\dfrac{L}{400} & 0 & 0 & -\dfrac{L}{400} & 0 & 0] \\ 0 & \dfrac{L}{160000} & \dfrac{L^2}{320000} & 0 & -\dfrac{L}{160000} & \dfrac{L^2}{320000} \\ 0 & \dfrac{L^2}{320000} & \dfrac{L^3}{480000} & 0 & -\dfrac{L^2}{320000} & \dfrac{L^3}{960000} \\ -\dfrac{L}{400} & 0 & 0 & \dfrac{L}{400} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -\dfrac{L}{160000} & -\dfrac{L^2}{320000} & 0 & \dfrac{L}{160000} & -\dfrac{L^2}{320000} \\ 0 & \dfrac{L^2}{320000} & \dfrac{L^3}{960000} & 0 & -\dfrac{L^2}{320000} & \dfrac{L^3}{480000} \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}\left.{u'}_2 \right.^B \\ \left.{v'}_2 \right.^B \\ \left.\theta' _2 \right.^B \\ \left.{u'}_3 \right.^B \\ \left.{v'}_3 \right.^B \\ \left.\theta' _3 \right.^B \end{Bmatrix}+Q \begin{Bmatrix}\dfrac{4}{25}L \\ \dfrac{63}{500}L \\ \dfrac{9}{500}L^2 \\ \dfrac{2}{25}L \\ \dfrac{27}{500}L \\ -\dfrac{3}{250}L^2 \end{Bmatrix}
(124)

Cálculo del sistema de ecuaciones de cada elemento en coordenadas globales

Las ecuaciones 123 y 123 se transforman a coordenadas globales como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}FX_1^A \\ FY_1^A \\ M_1^A \\ FX_2^A \\ FY_2^A \\ M_2^A \end{Bmatrix}=E \begin{bmatrix}\dfrac{6409}{4000000}L & \dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & -\dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & -\dfrac{6409}{4000000}L & -\dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & -\dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 \\ \dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & \dfrac{113}{125000}L & \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & -\dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & -\dfrac{113}{125000}L & \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 \\ -\dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{480000}L^3 & \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{960000}L^3 \\ -\dfrac{6409}{4000000}L & -\dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & \dfrac{6409}{4000000}L & \dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 \\ -\dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & -\dfrac{113}{125000}L & -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & \dfrac{113}{125000}L & -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 \\ -\dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{960000}L^3 & \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{480000}L^3 \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}u_1 \\ v_1 \\ \theta _1 \\ u_2 \\ v_2 \\ \theta _2^A \end{Bmatrix}+Q \begin{Bmatrix}-\dfrac{1}{1250}L \\ \dfrac{293}{1250}L \\ \dfrac{41}{1500}L^2 \\ \dfrac{1}{1250}L \\ \dfrac{207}{1250}L \\ -\dfrac{13}{500}L^2 \end{Bmatrix}
(125)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}FX_2^B \\ FY_2^B \\ M_2^B \\ FX_3^B \\ FY_3^B \\ M_3^B \end{Bmatrix}=E \begin{bmatrix}\dfrac{6409}{4000000}L & -\dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & -\dfrac{6409}{4000000}L & \dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 \\ -\dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & \dfrac{113}{125000}L & \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & -\dfrac{113}{125000}L & \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 \\ \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{480000}L^3 & -\dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{960000}L^3 \\ -\dfrac{6409}{4000000}L & \dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & -\dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & \dfrac{6409}{4000000}L & -\dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & -\dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 \\ \dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & -\dfrac{113}{125000}L & -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & -\dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & \dfrac{113}{125000}L & -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 \\ \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{960000}L^3 & -\dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{480000}L^3 \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}u_2 \\ v_2 \\ \theta _2^B \\ u_3 \\ v_3 \\ \theta _3 \end{Bmatrix}+Q \begin{Bmatrix}\dfrac{509}{2500}L \\ \dfrac{3}{625}L \\ \dfrac{9}{500}L^2 \\ \dfrac{241}{2500}L \\ -\dfrac{3}{625}L \\ -\dfrac{3}{250}L^2 \end{Bmatrix}
(126)

Cálculo de los desplazamientos nodales desconocidos

A partir del equilibrio de los nudos en las direcciones donde las fuerzas externas o internas son conocidas, se obtiene el siguiente sistema lineal de cindo ecuaciones con igual número de incógnitas:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}M_1 \\ FX_2 \\ FY_2 \\ M_2^A \\ M_2^B \\ M_3 \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{Bmatrix}0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{Bmatrix}=E \begin{bmatrix}\dfrac{1}{480000}L^3 & \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{960000}L^3 & 0 & 0 \\ \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & \dfrac{6409}{2000000}L & 0 & \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 \\ -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & 0 & \dfrac{113}{62500}L & -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 \\ \dfrac{1}{960000}L^3 & \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{480000}L^3 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & 0 & \dfrac{1}{480000}L^3 & \dfrac{1}{960000}L^3 \\ 0 & \dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & 0 & \dfrac{1}{960000}L^3 & \dfrac{1}{480000}L^3 \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}\theta _1 \\ u_2 \\ v_2 \\ \theta _2^A \\ \theta _2^B \\ \theta _3 \end{Bmatrix}+Q \begin{Bmatrix}\dfrac{41}{1500}L^2 \\ \dfrac{511}{2500}L \\ \dfrac{213}{1250}L \\ -\dfrac{13}{500}L^2 \\ \dfrac{9}{500}L^2 \\ -\dfrac{3}{250}L^2 \end{Bmatrix}
(127)

Cuya solución es:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}\theta _1 \\ u_2 \\ v_2 \\ \theta _2^A \\ \theta _2^B \\ \theta _3 \end{Bmatrix}=\dfrac{Q}{EL} \begin{Bmatrix}-\dfrac{1395895}{54} \\ -\dfrac{125}{2}L \\ -\dfrac{2500}{27}L \\ \dfrac{1368905}{54} \\ -\dfrac{823415}{54} \\ \dfrac{731785}{54} \end{Bmatrix}
(128)

cálculo de las reacciones

Del equilibrio de los nodos en las direcciones donde se desconocen las reacciones se obtiene el siguiente sistema lineal de cuatro ecuaciones:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}FX_1 \\ FY_1 \\ FX_3 \\ FY_3 \end{Bmatrix}=E \begin{bmatrix}-\dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & -\dfrac{6409}{4000000}L & -\dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & -\dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & 0 & 0 \\ \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & -\dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & -\dfrac{113}{125000}L & \dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -\dfrac{6409}{4000000}L & \dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & 0 & -\dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 & -\dfrac{3}{1600000}L^2 \\ 0 & \dfrac{1197}{1000000}L & -\dfrac{113}{125000}L & 0 & -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 & -\dfrac{1}{400000}L^2 \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}\theta _1 \\ u_2 \\ v_2 \\ \theta _2^A \\ \theta _2^B \\ \theta _3 \end{Bmatrix}+QL \begin{Bmatrix}-\dfrac{1}{1250} \\ \dfrac{293}{1250} \\ \dfrac{241}{2500} \\ -\dfrac{3}{625} \end{Bmatrix}=QL \begin{Bmatrix}\dfrac{19}{90} \\ \dfrac{47}{120} \\ \dfrac{4}{45} \\ \dfrac{1}{120} \end{Bmatrix}
(129)

Donde se emplearon los valores de los desplazamientos nodales presentados en 128.

Como revisión de las reacciones obtenidas anteriormente se realizará el equilibrio de toda la estructura:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \sum FX=FX_1+FX_3-\frac{3}{10}QL=0 (130.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \sum FY=FY_1+FY_3-\frac{1}{5}QL-\frac{1}{5}QL=0 (130.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \sum M_1=FY_3 \cdot \frac{8}{5}L -\frac{1}{5}QL \cdot \frac{2}{15}L-\frac{1}{5}QL \cdot \frac{8}{15} L + \frac{3}{10}QL \cdot \frac{2}{5}L=0 (130.c)

Cálculo del campo de desplazamiento del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): A

Para poder calcular el campo de desplazamiento homogéneo del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}

es necesario haber transformado los desplazamientos en los extremos de este elementos de coordenadas globales a locales. Una vez realizado esto, se tiene que el campo de desplazamiento homogéneo en dirección Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {x'}_A}
del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}
es:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {u_A^h(x'}_A)=-\frac{950Q}{9E} \frac{{x'}_A}{L}
(131)

Mientras que a partir de lo presentado en 19 y 8.3, se tiene que el campo de desplazamiento empotrado en dirección Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {x'}_A}

del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}
es:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {u_A^f(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}\dfrac{Q}{E} \left[-56\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} + 96\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^2 - 64\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^3 \right]&{ 0 < x'}_A \leq \frac{L}{2} \\[0.5cm] \dfrac{Q}{E} \left[24 - 152\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} + 192\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^2 -64\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^3 \right] & \frac{L}{2} \leq {x'} < L \end{cases}
(132)

Con lo cual el campo de desplazamiento total en dirección Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {x'}_A}

del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}
es:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {u_A(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}\dfrac{Q}{E} \left[-\dfrac{1454}{9} \dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}+96 \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 -64\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3 \right]& 0 \leq {x'}_A \leq \dfrac{L}{2} \\[0.4cm] \dfrac{Q}{E} \left[24-\dfrac{2318}{9}\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}+192\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 -64\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3 \right]& \dfrac{L}{2} \leq {x'}_A \leq L \end{cases}
(133)

Procediendo de forma similar a como se realizó en el ejemplo 8.1, se tiene que los campos homogéneo, empotrado y total en dirección Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {y'}_A}

del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A}
son respectivamente:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {v_A^h(x'}_A)=\dfrac{Q}{L} \left[-\dfrac{1395895}{54}\frac{{x'}_A}{L}+26240\left(\frac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 -\frac{1280}{3}\left(\frac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3 \right]
(134)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {v_A^f(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}\dfrac{Q}{E} \left[ -26240 \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2+60160 \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3 -51200\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^4+20480\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^5 \right] &{ 0 < x'}_A \leq \dfrac{L}{2} \\[0.3cm] \dfrac{Q}{E} \left[-3200+25600 \dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}-103040\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^2 +162560\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^3-102400\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^4 +20480\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} \right)^5 \right] & \dfrac{L}{2} \leq {x'} < L \end{cases}
(135)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {v_A(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}\dfrac{Q}{E} \left[-\dfrac{1395895}{54} \dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}+\dfrac{179200}{3} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^3 -51200\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^4 + 20480\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^5 \right] & 0 \leq {x'}_A \leq \dfrac{L}{2} \\[0.3cm] \dfrac{Q}{E} \left[-3200-\dfrac{13495}{54} \dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}-76800\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^2 +\dfrac{486400}{3}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^3-102400\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^4 +20480\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^5 \right]& \dfrac{L}{2} \leq {x'}_A \leq L \end{cases}
(136)

Cálculo del campo de desplazamiento del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): B

Procediendo de forma similar a como se realizó con el elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle A} , se tiene que los campos de desplazamiento homogéneo, empotrado y total en dirección Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {x'}_B}

del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle B}
son respectivamente:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {u_B^h(x'}_B)=\frac{Q}{E} \left(\frac{50}{9}-\frac{50}{9}\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)
(137)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {u_B^f(x'}_B)=\frac{Q}{E} \left[-64\frac{{x'}_B}{L}+96\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^2-32\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^3 \right]
(138)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {u_B(x'}_B)=\frac{Q}{E} \left[\frac{50}{9}-\frac{626}{9}\dfrac{{x'}_B}{L}+96 \left(\dfrac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^2 - 32\left(\dfrac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^3 \right]
(139)

Mientras que los campos de desplazamiento homogéneo, empotrado y total en dirección Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle {y'}_B}

del elemento Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle B}
son respectivamente:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {v_B^h(x'}_B)=\frac{Q}{E} \left[-\frac{6025}{54} - \frac{823415}{54}\frac{{x'}_B}{L} + 17280\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^2 - 1920\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^3 \right]
(140)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {v_B^f(x'}_B)=\frac{Q}{E} \left[-17280\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^2+40320\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^3 -28800\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^4+5760\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^5 \right]
(141)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {v_B(x'}_B)=\frac{Q}{E} \left[-\frac{6025}{54}-\frac{823415}{54}\frac{{x'}_B}{L} +38400 \left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^3-28800\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^4+5760\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L} \right)^5 \right]
(142)

Como síntesis de los campos de desplazamiento calculados anteriormente en la Figura 15d se presenta la configuración deformada de la estructura.

Cálculo de las fuerzas internas

A partir de la derivación de los campos de desplazamientos en coordenadas locales del ambos elementos se obtiene las fuerzas internas en estos:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {P_A(x'}_A)=AE \dfrac{{du'}_A}{{dx'}_A}{(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}QL \left[-\dfrac{727}{1800} + \dfrac{12}{25}\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}-\dfrac{12}{25} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^2 \right] \qquad & 0 \leq {x'}_< < \dfrac{L}{2} \\[0.4cm] QL \left[-\dfrac{1159}{1800} + \dfrac{24}{25}\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}-\dfrac{12}{25} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^2 \right] & \dfrac{L}{2}{ < x'}_A \leq L \end{cases}
(143)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {V_A(x'}I )=-EI \dfrac{{d^3 v'}_A}{\left.{dx'}_A \right.^3}{(x'}_A)= \begin{cases}QL \left[-\dfrac{14}{75} + \dfrac{16}{25}\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}-\dfrac{16}{25} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^2 \right] \qquad & 0 \leq {x'}_< < \dfrac{L}{2} \\[0.4cm] QL \left[-\dfrac{38}{75} + \dfrac{32}{25}\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}-\dfrac{16}{25} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^2 \right] & \dfrac{L}{2}{ < x'}_A \leq L \end{cases}
(144)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {M_A(x'}_A)=EI \dfrac{{d^2 v'}_A}{\left.{dx'}_A \right.^2}{(x'}_A) \begin{cases}QL^2 \left[\dfrac{14}{75}\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} - \dfrac{8}{25}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^2 +\dfrac{16}{75} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^3 \right]\qquad & 0 \leq {x'}_< < \dfrac{L}{2} \\[0.3cm] QL^2 \left[-\dfrac{2}{25}+\dfrac{38}{75}\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L} - \dfrac{16}{25}\left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^2 +\dfrac{16}{75} \left(\dfrac{{x'}_A}{L}\right)^3 \right]& \dfrac{L}{2}{ < x'}_A \leq L \end{cases}
(145)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {P_B(x'}_B)=AE \dfrac{{du'}_B}{{x'}_B}{(x'}=QL L \left[-\frac{313}{1800}+\frac{12}{25} \frac{{x'}_B}{L}-\frac{6}{25} \left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L}\right)^2 \right] (146.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): { V_B(x'}_B)=EI \dfrac{{d^3 v'}_B}{\left.{dx'}_B \right.^3}{(x'}_B)=QL\left[-\frac{3}{25}+\frac{9}{25}\frac{{x'}_B}{L} - \frac{9}{50} \left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L}\right)^2 \right] (146.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): { M_B(x'}_B)=EI \dfrac{{d^2 v'}_B}{\left.{dx'}_B \right.^2}{(x'}_QL^2L^2 \left[\frac{3}{25}\frac{{x'}_B}{L}-\frac{9}{50}\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L}\right)^2 +\frac{3}{50}\left(\frac{{x'}_B}{L}\right)^3 \right] (146.c)
Como resumen en las figuras 15a a 15a se presentan los diagramas de fuerzas internas en los dos elementos que componen la estructura.
Fuerza axial dividida QL, \left(\dfracPQL \right). Fuerza cortante dividida QL, \left(\dfracVQL \right).
(a) Fuerza axial dividida Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle QL}

, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \left(\dfrac{P}{QL} \right)} .

(b) Fuerza cortante dividida Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle QL}

, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \left(\dfrac{V}{QL} \right)} .

Momento flector dividido QL², \left(\dfracMQL² \right). Configuración deformada de la estructura, los desplazamientos adimensionalizados han sido escalados 0.00002 veces.
(c) Momento flector dividido Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle QL^2}

, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \left(\dfrac{M}{QL^2} \right)} .

(d) Configuración deformada de la estructura, los desplazamientos adimensionalizados han sido escalados 0.00002 veces.
Figura 15: Diagramas de fuerza internas adimensionalizadas y configuración deformada de la estructura.

En el siguiente link se encuentra el código de Python empleado para la solución de este ejemplo: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1WNnbqC-09Odkh3GajgONgi8Al1sKhRz_

9 Conclusiones

  1. Se ha presentado una extensión del método de rigidez para estructuras reticulares planas, la cual puede ser aplicable para obtener la respuesta total de este tipo de estructural ante cualquier carga externa.
  2. La metodología presentada, al ser definida de forma explicita ante cualquier carga externa, permite minimizar el número de elementos a emplear en la solución de estructuras empleando el método de rigidez. En los textos clásicos de análisis matricial de estructuras ([15], [16] y [17]) es usual subdividir los elementos si las cargas externas son complejas y no aparecen en sus tablas de fuerzas de empotramiento.
  3. Se extiende el concepto de fuerzas de empotramiento típico del método de rigidez al concepto de campo de desplazamientos empotrado, el cual al emplear las funciones de Green permite el cálculo de los campos de desplazamientos incluso cuando las fuerzas externas son complejas.
  4. En la metodología presentada se da una gran importancia al cálculo de los campos de desplazamientos debido a que estos las variables dependientes principales de los problemas de análisis estructural formulados a partir de las E.D. Las fuerzas internas se calculan al derivar dichos campos de desplazamiento.
  5. En los apéndices se presenta la equivalencia entre la metodología presentada en este artículo, la cual parte de las ecuaciones diferenciales gobernantes para cuatro tipos de elementos diferentes y aquella obtenida por medio de una formulación “exacta” del M.E.F. (la cual parte de la forma débil de dichas ecuaciones diferenciales).

10 Agradecimientos

Las ideas fundamentales de este artículo han nacido del los cursos de análisis estructural y mecánica estructural que el autor Juan Camilo Molina-Villegas a dictado en lo últimos años en la Universidad de Medellín y en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín, y de los cuales han sido estudiantes los otros dos coatores. Los comentarios de muchos de los estudiantes de dichos cursos han contribuido al nivel actual de maduración de las ideas presentadas en este artículo, por lo cual los autores les agradecen infinitamente.

equationsection

Apéndices

11 Formulación excata del M.E.F. para un elemento tipo barra

A continuación se presentará una formulación “exacta” del M.E.F. la cual es equivalente a la presentada en la sección 4, la cual también se basa en la solución del P.V.F 4 pero ahora a partir de la llamada forma débil de 8.a en lugar de esta directamente. De forma similar, el campo de desplazamientos se expresara como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): u(x)=u_h(x)+u_f(x)=\psi _1(x)u_i+\psi _4(x)u_j+u_f(x)
(147)

Donde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _1(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _4(x)}
son las funciones de forma presentadas en 11 y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle u_f(x)}
se calcula según lo presentado en 19.

Además, es fácil probar que las funciones de forma Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _1(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _4(x)}
cumplen la siguiente propiedad:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{d^2 \psi _i}{dx^2}(x)=0 i=1,4
(148)

Multiplicando a ambos lados de 8.a por una función de peso o ponderación Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle w(x)}

se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): AE\dfrac{d^2 u}{dx^2}(x)w(x)=-p(x)w(x)
(149)

Ahora, integrando a ambos lados de 149 con respecto a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x}

entre 0 y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle L}
se obtiene:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): AE \int _0^L \left[\dfrac{d^2 u_h}{dx^2}(x)+\dfrac{d^2 u_f}{dx^2}(x) \right]w(x)dx =-\int _0^L p(x)w(x)dx
(150)

Integrando por partes en el lado izquierdo de la anterior ecuación se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): AE \left[\dfrac{du_h}{dx}(x) w(x)+\dfrac{du_f}{dx}(x) w(x) \right]_{x=0}^{x=L} -AE \int _0^L \left[\dfrac{du_h}{dx}(x)+\dfrac{du_f}{dx}(x) \right]w(x)dx =-\int _0^L p(x)w(x)dx
(151)

La cual luego de el primer término del lado izquierdo de la anterior ecuación y reordenándola, da lugar la siguiente ecuación:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FX_i w(0)+FX_j w(L)= AE \int _0^L \left[\dfrac{du_h}{dx}(x)+\dfrac{du_f}{dx}(x) \right]\dfrac{dw}{dx}(x)dx -\int _0^L p(x)w(x)dx
(152)

Ahora si se emplean como las funciones de ponderación o peso (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle w(x)} ) a las funciones de forma (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _1(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _4(x)}

) se tiene que:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \int _0^L \dfrac{du_f}{dx}(x) \dfrac{dw}{dx}(x) dx=\left.\dfrac{dw}{dx}(x) u_f(x) \right|_{x=0}^{x=L} -\int _0^L u_f(x) \dfrac{d^2 w}{dx^2}(x) dx=0-0=0
(153)

Lo anterior debido a que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle u_f(0)=u_f(L)=0}

y a 148.

Con lo cual, si como caso particular primero se emplea Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _1(x)}

en lugar de Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle w(x)}
y luego Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _4(x)}

, a partir de 153 se obtiene respectivamente:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FX_i=\dfrac{AE}{L} \left(u_i-u_j \right)-\int _0^L \psi _1(x) p(x)dx (154.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FX_j=\dfrac{AE}{L} \left(-u_i+u_j \right)-\int _0^L \psi _4(x) p(x)dx (154.b)

La cual es equivalente a la formulación del método de rigidez para elementos tipo barra de sección constante y material elástico lineal presentada en 23.

12 Forulación excata del M.E.F. para un elemento tipo viga

Ahora, de forma similar a como se realizó en el apéndice 11 para el elemento tipo barra, se procederá a realizar la formulación “exacta” del M.E.F. para un elemento tipo viga de sección transversal constante. Al igual que lo presentado en la sección 5, el objetivo es realizar esta formulación mediante la solución del P.V.F. 5 pero ahora empleando la forma de débil de la E.D. 24.a en lugar de esta directamente. A diferencial de la formulación tradicional del M.E.F., en esta alternativa el campo de desplazamientos no solo dependerá de los desplazamientos y rotaciones de los extremos del elemento (campo homogéneo) sino también de la carga externa (campo empotrado), es decir:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v(x)=v_h(x)+v_f(x)=\psi _2(x)v_i+\psi _3(x)\theta _i+\psi _5(x) v_j+\psi _6(x) \theta _j+v_f(x)
(155)

Donde una propiedad importante de las funciones de forma Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _2(x)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _3(x)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _5(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _6(x)}
es que estas cumplen la siguiente ecuación diferencial:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \dfrac{d^4 \psi _i}{dx^4}(x)=0 i=2,3,5,6
(156)

Multiplicando por una función de peso o ponderación Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle w(x)}

a ambos lados de 24.a se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\frac{d^4 v}{dx^4}(x) w(x)=q(x) w(x)
(157)

E integrando con respecto a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x}

entre 0 y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle L}
a ambos lados de 157 se obtiene:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\int _0^L \frac{d^4 v}{dx^4}(x) w(x) dx=\int _0^L q(x) w(x) dx
(158)

Resolviendo con integración por partes la integral del lado izquierdo de la anterior ecuación se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI \left[\left.\frac{d^3 v}{dx^3}(x)w(x) \right|_{x=0}^{x=L}-\int _0^L \frac{d^3 v}{dx^3}(x)\frac{dw}{dx}(x)dx \right]=\int _0^L q(x)w(x)dx
(159)

Ahora, teniendo en cuenta que la fuerza cortante se obtiene a partir del campo de desplazamiento vertical como Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle V(x)=-EI \dfrac{d^3v}{dx^3}(x)} , se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -V(L)w(L)+V(0)w(0) -EI \int _0^L \frac{d^3 v}{dx^3}(x)\frac{dw}{dx}(x)dx =\int _0^L q(x)w(x)dx
(160)

Mientras que debido a que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle FY_i=-V(0)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle FY_j=V(L)}

, la anterior ecuación se reescribe como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -FY_iw(0)-FY_jw(L) -EI\int _0^L \dfrac{d^3 v}{dx^3}(x)\frac{dw}{dx}(x)dx=\int _0^L q(x)w(x)dx
(161)

Integrando por partes de nuevo, ahora en el tercer término del lado izquierdo de la ecuación anterior, se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -FY_iw(0)-FY_jw(L) -EI \left[\left.\frac{d^2 v}{dx^2}(x) \frac{dw}{dx}(x) \right|_{x=0}^{x=L} -\int _0^L \frac{d^2 v}{dx^2}(x)\frac{d^2 w}{dx^2}(x)dx \right]=\int _0^L q(x)w(x)dx
(162)

Por último, teniendo en cuenta que el campo de momentos interno se calcula como Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle M(x)=EI\dfrac{d^2 v}{dx^2}(x)}

y que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle M_i=-M(0)}
y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle M_j=M(L)}

, la ecuación anterior se reescribe como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_i w(0)+FY_j w(L)+M_i \frac{dw}{dx}(0)+M_j \frac{dw}{dx}(L)= EI\int _0^L \frac{d^2 v}{dx^2}(x)\frac{d^2 w}{dx^2}(x)dx-\int _0^L q(x)w(x)dx
(163)

Reemplazando 155 en el lado derecho de 163, se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_i w(0)+FY_j w(L)+M_i \frac{dw}{dx}(0)+M_j \frac{dw}{dx}(L)=
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\int _0^L \left[\frac{d^2 \psi _2}{dx^2}(x) v_i+\frac{d^2 \psi _3}{dx^2}(x) \theta _i+\frac{d^2 \psi _5}{dx^2}(x) v_j +\frac{d^2 \psi _6}{dx^2}(x) \theta _j +\frac{d^2 v_f}{dx^2}(x) \right]\frac{d^2 w}{dx^2}(x) dx-\int _0^L q(x)w(x)dx
(164)

Ahora, si como funciones de ponderación se emplean las funciones de forma, empleando integración por partes se prueba lo siguiente:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \int _0^L \frac{d^2 v_f}{dx^2}(x) \frac{d^2 w}{dx^2}(x)dx = \int _0^L \frac{d^2 v_f}{dx^2}(x) \frac{d^2 \psi _i }{dx^2}(x)dx i=2,3,5,6
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =\left.\dfrac{dv_f}{dx}(x)\dfrac{d^2 \psi _i}{dx^2}(x) \right|_{x=0}^{x=L} -\int _0^L \dfrac{dv_f}{dx}(x) \dfrac{d^3 \psi _i}{dx^3}(x)dx
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =-\int _0^L \dfrac{dv_f}{dx}(x) \dfrac{d^3 \psi _i}{dx^3}(x)dx
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =-\left.v_f(x) \dfrac{d^3 \psi _i}{dx^3}(x) \right|_{x=0}^{x=L}+\int _0^L v_f(x) \dfrac{d^4 \psi _i}{dx^4}(x)dx
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): =0
(165)

Donde se ha empleado 156 y los valores de Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v_f(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \dfrac{dv_f}{dx}(x)}
son iguales a cero en Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x=0}
y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x=L}

.

Con lo cual, si como caso particular primero se emplea Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _2(x)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _3(x)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _5(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \psi _6(x)}

, así como empleando 165, a partir de 164 se obtienen las siguientes cuatro ecuaciones:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_i=\dfrac{12EI}{L^3}v_i+\dfrac{6EI}{L^2}\theta _i-\dfrac{12EI}{L^3}v_j+\dfrac{6EI}{L^2}\theta _j -\int _0^L \psi _2(x) q(x) dx (166.a)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_i=\dfrac{6EI}{L^2}v_i+\dfrac{4EI}{L}\theta _i-\dfrac{6EI}{L^2}v_j+\dfrac{2EI}{L}\theta _j -\int _0^L \psi _3(x) q(x) dx (166.b)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_j=-\dfrac{12EI}{L^3}v_i-\dfrac{6EI}{L^2}\theta _i+\dfrac{12EI}{L^3}v_j-\dfrac{6EI}{L^2}\theta _j -\int _0^L \psi _5(x) q(x) dx (166.c)
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): M_j=\dfrac{6EI}{L^2}v_i+\dfrac{2EI}{L}\theta _i-\dfrac{6EI}{L^2}v_j+\dfrac{4EI}{L}\theta _j -\int _0^L \psi _6(x) q(x) dx (166.d)

Que son equivalentes a las presentadas en 41.

13 Forulación excata del M.E.F. para un elemento tipo viga sobre fundación flexible

Para este caso el objetivo es resolver el P.V.F. 7 pero ahora empleando la forma débil de 43.a en lugar de esta directamente.

Como se presentó en 66, la solución de 43.a se expresa como la suma de un campo homogéneo Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v_h(x)}

y un campo empotrado (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v_f(x}

), es decir:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v(x)=v_h(x)+v_f(x)
(167)

Donde el campo homogéneo se expresa en función de los desplazamientos y rotaciones en los extremos del elemento y de las funciones de forma Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi _2(x)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi _3(x)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi _5(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi _6(x)}
 de la siguiente manera:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v_h(x)=\Psi _2(x)v_i+\Psi _3(x)\theta _i+\Psi _5(x) v_j+\Psi _6(x) \theta _j
(168)

Con lo cual, el campo de desplazamiento total, se expresa ahora como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): v(x)=\Psi _2(x)v_i+\Psi _3(x)\theta _i+\Psi _5(x) v_j+\Psi _6(x) \theta _j+v_f(x,\omega )
(169)

Es importante resaltar que debido a que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v_h(x)}

es una combinación lineal de las funciones de forma Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi _2(x)}

, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi _3(x)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi _5(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \Psi _6(x)}

, estas últimas cumplen la propiedad de ser solución de la ecuación diferencial homogénea asociada con 43.a, es decir:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\dfrac{d^4 \Psi _i}{d x^4}(x)+k\Psi _i(x)=0 i=2,3,5,6
(170)

Multiplicando por una función de peso o ponderación Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle w(x)}

a ambos lados de 43.a se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\frac{d^4 v}{d x^4}(x)w(x)+kv(x)w(x)=q(x)w(x)
(171)

E integrando con respecto a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x}

entre 0 y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle L}
a ambos lados de 171:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI \int _0^L \frac{d^4 v}{d x^4}(x)w(x)dx=-k \int _0^L v(x)w(x)dx+\int _0^L q(x)w(x) dx
(172)

Resolviendo con integración por partes la integral del lado izquierdo de la anterior ecuación, da como resultado:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI \left[\left.\frac{d^3 v}{d x^3}(x)w(x) \right|_{x=0}^{x=L}-\int _0^L \frac{d ^3 v}{d x^3}(x)\frac{dw}{dx}(x)dx \right] =-k \int _0^L v(x)w(x)dx+\int _0^L q(x)w(x) dx
(173)

Ahora teniendo en cuenta que la fuerza cortante se obtiene a partir del campo de desplazamiento vertical como Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle V(x)=-EI \dfrac{d^3v}{dx^3}(x)} , se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -V(L)w(L)+V(0)w(0)-EI \int _0^L \frac{d^3 v}{d x^3}(x)\frac{dw}{dx}(x)dx =-k \int _0^L v(x)w(x)dx+\int _0^L q(x)w(x) dx
(174)

Teniendo en cuenta que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle FY_i=-V(0)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle FY_j=V(L)}

, la anterior ecuación se reescribe como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -FY_i w(0)-FY_j w(L)-EI \left[\int _0^L \dfrac{d^3 v}{dx^3}(x)\frac{dw}{dx}(x)dx \right] =-k \int _0^L v(x)w(x)dx+\int _0^L q(x)w(x) dx
(175)

Integrando por partes de nuevo, ahora en el tercer término del lado izquierdo de la ecuación anterior, se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -FY_i w(0)-FY_j w(L) -EI \left[\left.\frac{d^2 v}{dx^2}(x) \frac{dw}{dx}(x) \right|_{x=0}^{x=L} -\int _0^L \frac{d^2 v}{dx^2}(x)\frac{d^2 w}{dx^2}(x)dx \right]=
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -k \int _0^L v(x)w(x)dx+\int _0^L q(x)w(x) dx
(176)

Por último, teniendo en cuenta que el campo de momentos interno se calcula como Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle M(x)=EI\dfrac{d^2 v}{dx^2}(x)}

y que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle M_i=-M(0)}
y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle M_j=M(L)}

, la ecuación anterior se reescribe como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_i w(0)+FY_j w(L)+M_i \frac{dw}{dx}(0) +M_j \frac{dw}{dx}(L)=
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\int _0^L \frac{d^2 v}{dx^2}(x)\frac{d^2 w}{dx^2}(x)dx +k \int _0^L v(x)w(x)dx-\int _0^L q(x)w(x) dx
(177)

Reemplazando 155 en el lado derecho de 163, se obtiene:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_i w(0)+FY_j w(L)+M_i \frac{dw}{dx}(0) +M_j\frac{dw}{dx}(L)=
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\int _0^L \left[\frac{d^2 \Psi _2}{dx^2}(x) v_i +\frac{d^2 \Psi _3}{dx^2}(x) \theta _i +\frac{d^2 \Psi _5}{dx^2}(x) v_j +\frac{d^2 \Psi _6}{dx^2}(x) \theta _j +\frac{d^2 v_f}{dx^2}(x) \right]\frac{d^2 w}{dx^2}(x) dx
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +k \int _0^L \left[\Psi _2(x,\omega )v_i+\Psi _3(x,\omega )\theta _i+\Psi _5(x,\omega ) v_j+\Psi _6(x,\omega ) \theta _j +v_f(x,\omega ) \right]w(x)dx -\int _0^L q(x)w(x) dx
(178)

Ahora, si como funciones de ponderación se emplean las funciones de forma, empleando integración por partes se prueba lo siguiente:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI \int _0^L \frac{d^2 v_f}{dx^2}(x) \frac{d^2 w}{dx^2}(x)dx +k\int _0^L v_f(x)w(x)dx=
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI \int _0^L \frac{d^2 v_f}{dx^2}(x) \frac{d^2 \Psi _i }{dx^2}(x)dx +k\int _0^L v_f(x) \Psi _i(x)dx =
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI \left.\dfrac{dv_f}{dx}(x)\dfrac{d^2 \Psi _i}{dx^2}(x) \right|_{x=0}^{x=L} -EI \int _0^L \dfrac{dv_f}{dx}(x) \dfrac{d^3 \psi _i}{dx^3}(x)dx +k\int _0^L v_f(x) \Psi _i(x)dx =
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -EI \int _0^L \dfrac{dv_f}{dx}(x) \dfrac{d^3 \psi _i}{dx^3}(x)dx +k\int _0^L v_f(x) \Psi _i(x)dx =
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): -EI \left.v_f(x) \dfrac{d^3 \Psi _i}{dx^3}(x) \right|_{x=0}^{x=L} +\int _0^L v_f(x) \dfrac{d^4 \Psi _i}{\partial x^4}(x)dx +k \int _0^L v_f(x) \Psi _i(x)dx =
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \int _0^L v_f(x) \left[\dfrac{d^4 \Psi _i}{dx^4}(x) +k \psi _i(x,\omega ) \right]dx =0
(179)

Donde se ha empleado 170 y que los valores de Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle v_f(x)}

y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle \dfrac{dv_f}{dx}(x)}
son iguales a cero en Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x=0}
y Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle x=L}

.

Empleando 165 en 164 esta última toma la siguiente forma (donde para ser coherentes con 165, se ha tomado que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle w(x)=\Psi _l(x)} ):

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): FY_i \Psi _l(0)+FY_j \Psi _l(L,\omega )+M_i \frac{d\Psi _l}{dx}(0) +M_j\frac{d \Psi _l}{dx}(L)=
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): EI\int _0^L \left[\frac{d^2 \Psi _2}{dx^2}(x) v_i +\frac{d^2 \Psi _3}{dx^2}(x) \theta _i +\frac{d^2 \Psi _5}{dx^2}(x) v_j +\frac{d^2 \Psi _6}{dx^2}(x) \theta _j \right] \frac{d^2 \Psi _l }{dx^2}(x) dx
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): +k \int _0^L \Psi _l(x)\left[\Psi _2(x)v_i+\Psi _3(x)\theta _i+\Psi _5(x) v_j+\Psi _6(x) \theta _j\right]dx -\int _0^L q(x)\Psi _l(x) dx
(180)

Reemplazando Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): {\textstyle l}

por 2,3,5 y 6 en 180 se obtienen cuatro ecuaciones, las cuales se expresan en forma matricial como:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): \begin{Bmatrix}FY_i \\ M_i \\ FY_j \\ M_j \end{Bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}k_{22} & k_{23} & k_{25} & k_{26} \\ k_{32} & k_{33} & k_{35} & k_{36} \\ k_{52} & k_{53} & k_{55} & k_{56} \\ k_{62} & k_{63} & k_{65} & k_{66} \end{bmatrix} \begin{Bmatrix}v_i \\ \theta _i \\ v_j \\ \theta _j \end{Bmatrix} - \begin{Bmatrix}\int _0^L \Psi _2(x) q(x) dx \\ \int _0^L \Psi _3(x) q(x) dx \\ \int _0^L \Psi _5(x) q(x) dx \\ \int _0^L \Psi _6(x) q(x) dx \end{Bmatrix}
(181)

Donde:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://mathoid.scipedia.com/localhost/v1/":): k_{ij}(\omega ) = \int _0^L \left[EI \dfrac{d^2 \Psi _i}{dx^2}(x) \dfrac{d^2 \Psi _j}{dx^2}(x)+k \Psi _i(x) \Psi _j(x) \right]dx
(182)

En este punto es importante resaltar que 181 es equivalente a lo presentado en 66.

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

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Document information

Published on 23/09/20
Accepted on 14/09/20
Submitted on 01/01/20

Volume 36, Issue 3, 2020
DOI: 10.23967/j.rimni.2020.09.004
Licence: CC BY-NC-SA license

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