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 Acknowledgments: Special thanks to CMDS, the health sector of the city of Antofagasta, for granting access to the electronic medical records. Special recognition to the Universidad Inter-nacional Iberoamericana de México and the ethics committees that approved the study. This work is part of the Doctoral Thesis of Manuel Figueroa Sanchez to obtain his Ph.D. in Public Health Sciences from Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Mexico.
 Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
+References
-==3 Bibliography<!--
+.	Medscape. Type 2 Diabetes ADA Diagnosis Criteria. eMedicine [Internet]. 2025 Jun 4.
-Citations in text will follow a citation-sequence system (i.e. sources are numbered by order of reference so that the first reference cited in the document is [1], the second [2], and so on) with the number of the reference in square brackets. Once a source has been cited, the same number is used in all subsequent references. If the numbers are not in a continuous sequence, use commas (with no spaces) between numbers. If you have more than two numbers in a continuous sequence, use the first and last number of the sequence joined by a hyphen
+.	World Health Organization. Global report on diabetes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
+.	Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017. Santiago: MINSAL; 2018.
-You should ensure that all references are cited in the text and that the reference list. References should preferably refer to documents published in Scipedia. Unpublished results should not be included in the reference list, but can be mentioned in the text. The reference data must be updated once publication is ready. Complete bibliographic information for all cited references must be given following the standards in the field (IEEE and ISO 690 standards are recommended). If possible, a hyperlink to the referenced publication should be given. See examples for Scipedia’s articles [1], other publication articles [2], books [3], book chapter [4], conference proceedings [5], and online documents [6], shown in references section below. -->==
+.	González M, et al. Atención a la Diabetes Mellitus en Chile: un desafío pendiente. Rev Med Chile. 2020;148(6):763-71.
+.	Pérez Ríos C, Echeverry Arias VA. Influencia de la enfermedad y factores asociados con la respuesta no favorable de la hemoglobina glicosilada en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 durante el primer año 2024 [Internet]. 2024.
+.	Huerta Ruiz MK. Relación entre IMC y COVID-19 grave en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 de 18-60 años hospitalizados en la UMAE 14 [Internet]. Universidad Veracruzana; 2022. Disponible en: https://www.uv.mx
+.	Castorani V, Polidori N, Giannini C, Blasetti A, et al. Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in children. 2020. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
+.	González Munera A. Impacto de medidas de intervención educativa al personal sanitario sobre el manejo de los pacientes diabéticos hospitalizados en los servicios de medicina interna [Internet]. 2016.
-==4 Acknowledgments<!-- Acknowledgments should be inserted at the end of the document, before the references section. -->==
+.	Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Política Nacional de Salud 2021-2030 [Internet]. Santiago: Gobierno de Chile; 2021 [citado 2024 Jun 10]. Disponible en: https://www.minsal.cl
+.	Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Perfil del sistema de salud: Chile [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: OPS/OMS; 2022 [citado 2024 Jun 10]. Disponible en: https://www.paho.org/es/chile
+.	OECD. OECD Reviews of Health Systems: Chile 2022 [Internet]. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2022 [citado 2024 Jun 10]. Dis-ponible en: https://www.oecd.org/health
+.	Palomo VB, Manucha W, Calderón CP. La Farmacoepidemiología como una estrategia útil en diabetes mellitus: experi-encia en un Centro Sanitario de Mendoza, Argentina. Rev OFIL·ILAPHAR [Internet]. 2021 Sep [citado 2024 May 21];31(3):269-74. Disponible en: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1699-714X2021000300269
+.	Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. Circulation. 2005;112(17):2735-52. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.16940
-==5 References<!--[1] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Publication. Article code. Available: http://www.scipedia.com/ucode.
+.	UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837-53. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6
+.	Patterson C, Karuranga S, Salpea P, Saeedi P, Dahlquist G, Soltész G, et al. Worldwide estimates of diabetes prevalence in adults and children. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;157:107843. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843
-[2] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Publication. Volume number, first page-last page.
+.	Stern D, Arredondo A, Barceló A. Diabetes in Latin America: epidemiology and public health implications. Lancet Diabe-tes Endocrinol. 2021;9(6):361-75. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00100-9
+.	Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Wilson PW. Parental transmission of type 2 diabetes: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes. 2000;49(12):2201-7. doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.12.2201
-[3] Author, C. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle (edition.). Volume(s). Place of publication: Publisher.
+.	American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S1-168. doi:10.2337/dc24-Sint
+.	International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. Brussels: IDF; 2023.
-[4] Author of Part, D. (Year). Title of chapter or part. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title: Subtitle of book (edition, inclusive page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.
+.	Zhou Z, Sun B, Lin S, He D. Comparative effectiveness and safety of sulfonylureas in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Ther. 2022;13(5):1123-38. doi:10.1007/s13300-022-01262-1
+.	American Heart Association. Cardiovascular disease prevention in diabetes: 2023 guidelines. Circulation. 2023;148(5):e1-30. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001152
-[5] Author, E. (Year, Month date). Title of the article. In A. Editor, B. Editor, and C. Editor. Title of published proceedings. Paper presented at title of conference, Volume number, first page-last page. Place of publication.
+.	Klein S, Sheard NF, Pi-Sunyer X, Daly A, Wylie-Rosett J, Kulkarni K, et al. Weight management through lifestyle modifi-cation for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and strategies. Clin Diabetes. 2022;40(3):269-78. doi:10.2337/cd22-0034
+.	Biology Insights. What is the main disadvantage of non-probability samples? [Internet]. Biology Insights; 2024 [citado 2025 Jul 9]. Disponible en: Biology Insights
-[6] Institution or author. Title of the document. Year. [Online] (Date consulted: day, month and year). Available: http://www.scipedia.com/document.pdf.
+.	Adult Education Quest. Exploring non-probability sampling: methods and applications [Internet]. Adult Education Quest; [citado 2025 Jul 9]. Disponible en: Adult Education Quest
--->==
+.	Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. Discussing implications of limitations prevents misunderstandings and supports interpretation of data [Internet]. BMC; [citado 2025 Jul 9]. Disponible en: BMC Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

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-==1 Title, abstract and keywords<!-- Your document should start with a concise and informative title. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible. Capitalize the first word of the title.
+Title Real-World Effectiveness of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents in Young Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Northern Chile
+Abstract Background/Objectives: The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among adults aged 25–40 years in Latin America has emerged as a significant public health challenge, driven by lifestyle and metabolic risk factors. Evaluating the real-world effec-tiveness of oral hypoglycemic agents within primary health care (PHC) systems is essen-tial to inform therapeutic strategies and improve glycemic control in this population. This study aimed to assess metabolic outcomes and treatment associations among young adults with T2DM managed in PHC settings in northern Chile. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted using 500 electronic medical records from pa-tients aged 25–40 years diagnosed with T2DM and treated between 2021 and 2023 across eight family health centers (CESFAM) in Antofagasta, Chile. The primary outcome was glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Secondary analyses examined relationships between treatment type, body mass index (BMI), and comorbidities including dyslipidemia, hy-pertension, and depression. Results: Among all patients, 71.6% were overweight and 28.4% obese. Comorbidities were documented as 57.4%, predominantly dyslipidemia (43.5%), hypertension (27.9%), and depression (18.8%). The most common therapies were metformin monotherapy (84%) and metformin plus glibenclamide (14.8%). Mean HbA1c values remained unchanged between 2021 (8.91 ± 0.57) and 2022 (8.92 ± 0.55) but im-proved significantly in 2023 (7.41 ± 0.28), although international glycemic targets were not met. Conclusions: Oral hypoglycemic therapy in PHC settings was partially effective in improving glycemic control among young adults with T2DM. These findings underscore the need for broader pharmacological options, enhanced follow-up, and reinforcing pa-tient education within Chile’s primary care system.
-Provide a maximum of 6 keywords, and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field should be used. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.
+Keywords: pharmacoepidemiology, type 2 diabetes mellitus, primary healthcare, meta-bolic control, oral hypoglycemic agents
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-An abstract is required for every document; it should succinctly summarize the reason for the work, the main findings, and the conclusions of the study. Abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, references and hyperlinks should be avoided. If references are essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. -->==
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