Sistach* et al 2023a - Revision history

Marherna: Marherna moved page Review 265478695742 to Sistach* et al 2023a

2023-08-29T10:09:08Z

Marherna moved page Review 265478695742 to Sistach* et al 2023a

Marherna at 10:07, 29 August 2023

2023-08-29T10:07:28Z

Marherna at 10:03, 29 August 2023

2023-08-29T10:03:17Z

Jaimesistach: Changed bibliography so it is easier to access

2023-06-22T11:53:04Z

Changed bibliography so it is easier to access

Jaimesistach at 11:47, 22 June 2023

2023-06-22T11:47:47Z

Jaimesistach: changed figure numbers as figure 4 was missing

2023-06-22T11:14:38Z

changed figure numbers as figure 4 was missing

Marherna at 11:14, 19 June 2023

2023-06-19T11:14:49Z

Jaimesistach: -Title and keywords added in both languages in the edit data section -Changed overall structure of the document, following the base structure provided -Changed figures that had a missing/wrong description, and solved the issues with the links inside doc

2023-06-12T09:29:39Z

-Title and keywords added in both languages in the edit data section -Changed overall structure of the document, following the base structure provided -Changed figures that had a missing/wrong description, and solved the issues with the links inside doc

Jaimesistach at 09:03, 12 June 2023

2023-06-12T09:03:47Z

Jaimesistach at 08:36, 12 June 2023

2023-06-12T08:36:01Z

@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 After performing the first tests with unidirectional scrap, multidirectional scrap had to be tested. Although the main direction in the ATL panels tends to be 0°, having most of its fibers on that direction, there are still some other orientations that are present in the laminate.
-The result of this test was way worse than the unidirectional fibers. 0° plies can be spread parallel to the calendering direction, but 90° plies move back and forth causing wrinkles and inhomogeneity. +-45° plies show an intermediate result between 0 and 90, being the final result not as good as expected (See in [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image6.png|Figure 65]]). Dryness is also higher because of the deconsolidation.
+The result of this test was way worse than the unidirectional fibers. 0° plies can be spread parallel to the calendering direction, but 90° plies move back and forth causing wrinkles and inhomogeneity. +-45° plies show an intermediate result between 0 and 90, being the final result not as good as expected (See in [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image6.png|Figure 5]]). Dryness is also higher because of the deconsolidation.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 Figure 5: First multilayer scrap tests</div>
-In order to try to reduce the wrinkles that are formed in the calendering process, a second test is performed, but calendering in a perpendicular direction (transversal to ply direction as in [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image7.png|figure 76]]). This significantly improves the results, as the fibers are spread rather than wrinkled.
+In order to try to reduce the wrinkles that are formed in the calendering process, a second test is performed, but calendering in a perpendicular direction (transversal to ply direction as in [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image7.png|figure 6]]). This significantly improves the results, as the fibers are spread rather than wrinkled.
 [[File:Draft_Sistach_893405401-image7.png|centre|600x600px]]
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">

@@ Line 136: / Line 136: @@
 Figure 10: Young's modulus for different materials</div>
-==5. Conclusions and references==
+==5. Conclusions==
 This new process seeks the recycling of the waste material of the ATL panels made for the production of aircraft components. This material will obviously have lower properties than the original one, but the objective is to increase them as much as possible, with the intention of using it for low/medium performance applications, that do not require high performance materials.

@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 |-
 |  style="vertical-align: top;"|[1]
-|  style="vertical-align: top;"|G. P. A. Crosky, “Sciencedirect,” [Online]. Available: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/automated-tape-laying#:~:text=Automated%20tape%20laying- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/automated-tape-laying#:~:text=Automated%20tape%20laying-],Automated%20tape%20laying%20(ATL)%20is%20one%20of%20the%20most%20well,of%20the%20part%20being%20manufactured..
+| style="vertical-align: top;" |C. D. K. X. L. G. P. A.Crosky, Advances in composites manufacturing and process design, 2015.
 |-
 |  style="vertical-align: top;"|[2]
-|  style="vertical-align: top;"|M. Y. Shizuko Sato, “Sciencedirect,” [Online]. Available: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/micrograph. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/micrograph.]
+| style="vertical-align: top;" |Sharma, Vipin & Kumar, Dr & Panwar, Ranvir & Pandey, O.. (2012). Microstructural and wear behavior of dual reinforced particle (DRP) aluminum alloy composite. Journal of Materials Science. 47. 6633-6646. 10.1007/s10853-012-6599-4.
 |}
 <br/>

@@ Line 140: / Line 140: @@
 This new process seeks the recycling of the waste material of the ATL panels made for the production of aircraft components. This material will obviously have lower properties than the original one, but the objective is to increase them as much as possible, with the intention of using it for low/medium performance applications, that do not require high performance materials.
-The process seems promising; however, some changes have to be made for it to be able to progress. A new automatized machine has been acquired with the aim of keeping evaluating and improving the method.
+The process seems promising; however, some changes have to be made for it to be able to progress. A new automated machine has been acquired with the aim of keeping evaluating and improving the method.
 This new machine has a width of 300mm, as well as heated rollers up to 100ºC. It is also electrically operated, making it easier and faster to operate. With this new machine, more in depth tests can be performed to characterize the material to find the most suitable parameters for the calendering process.

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 * Effect of different processing temperatures, both on the final result and on the process itself.
-The objecti is to obtain a graph similar to the represented in [[Figure 5]], but with a set of reliable values, to be able to design a new process with a new and more powerful machine.
+The objecti is to obtain a graph similar to the represented in [[Figure 5|Figure 4]], but with a set of reliable values, to be able to design a new process with a new and more powerful machine.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 5: Calendering test plan</div>
+Figure 4: Calendering test plan</div>
 ===2.4. Unidirectional scrap calendering===
@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 After performing the first tests with unidirectional scrap, multidirectional scrap had to be tested. Although the main direction in the ATL panels tends to be 0°, having most of its fibers on that direction, there are still some other orientations that are present in the laminate.
-The result of this test was way worse than the unidirectional fibers. 0° plies can be spread parallel to the calendering direction, but 90° plies move back and forth causing wrinkles and inhomogeneity. +-45° plies show an intermediate result between 0 and 90, being the final result not as good as expected (See in [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image6.png|Figure 6]]). Dryness is also higher because of the deconsolidation.
+The result of this test was way worse than the unidirectional fibers. 0° plies can be spread parallel to the calendering direction, but 90° plies move back and forth causing wrinkles and inhomogeneity. +-45° plies show an intermediate result between 0 and 90, being the final result not as good as expected (See in [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image6.png|Figure 65]]). Dryness is also higher because of the deconsolidation.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 86: / Line 86: @@
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 6: First multilayer scrap tests</div>
+Figure 5: First multilayer scrap tests</div>
-In order to try to reduce the wrinkles that are formed in the calendering process, a second test is performed, but calendering in a perpendicular direction (transversal to ply direction as in [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image7.png|figure 7]]). This significantly improves the results, as the fibers are spread rather than wrinkled.
+In order to try to reduce the wrinkles that are formed in the calendering process, a second test is performed, but calendering in a perpendicular direction (transversal to ply direction as in [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image7.png|figure 76]]). This significantly improves the results, as the fibers are spread rather than wrinkled.
 [[File:Draft_Sistach_893405401-image7.png|centre|600x600px]]
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 7: Transverse calendering</div>
+Figure 6: Transverse calendering</div>
 This seems a good path to follow, so from this point on, all calendering processes will be done this way, as it is the method that shows the best results.
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 In order to validate the process, to see that the properties are somewhat enough for the expected applications, some samples and mechanical testing have to be performed.
-The panel was manufactured from the transverse calendered strips, using a hot press tooling, following a curing cycle of 120 min at 185 °C, at 8 bar ([[Draft Sistach 893405401-image8.png|Figure 8]]).
+The panel was manufactured from the transverse calendered strips, using a hot press tooling, following a curing cycle of 120 min at 185 °C, at 8 bar ([[Draft Sistach 893405401-image8.png|Figure 7]]).
 [[File:Draft_Sistach_893405401-image8.png|centre|600x600px]]
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 8: Testing panel manufacturing</div>With this panels, micrographs and acid digestion testis will be performed to see the existance of voids, delaminations or the presence of unwanted external materials. Finally, mechanical tests will also be performed to assess the properties, to compare to other industrial materials.
+Figure 7: Testing panel manufacturing</div>With this panels, micrographs and acid digestion testis will be performed to see the existance of voids, delaminations or the presence of unwanted external materials. Finally, mechanical tests will also be performed to assess the properties, to compare to other industrial materials.
 == 4. Results and discussion ==
-From the panel depicted in [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image8.png|Figure 8]], a series of tests were performed: tensile (using 15 and 10mm width specimens), micrographs [2] and acid digestion.
+From the panel depicted in [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image8.png|Figure 7]], a series of tests were performed: tensile (using 15 and 10mm width specimens), micrographs [2] and acid digestion.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
 <div id="_Ref135134909" class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 9: Micrographs and Vh results</div>
+Figure 8: Micrographs and Vh results</div>
-As it can be observed in <span id='cite-_Ref135134909'></span>[[Draft Sistach 893405401-image10.png|Figure 9]] and <span id='cite-_Ref135134932'></span>[[Draft Sistach 893405401-image11.png|Table 1]]. micrographs and Vh show good results and low porosity, and acid digestion shows almost no voids.
+As it can be observed in <span id='cite-_Ref135134909'></span>[[Draft Sistach 893405401-image10.png|Figure 8]] and <span id='cite-_Ref135134932'></span>[[Draft Sistach 893405401-image11.png|Table 1]]. micrographs and Vh show good results and low porosity, and acid digestion shows almost no voids.
 <span id='_Ref135134932'></span><div id="_Ref135134915" class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 [[File:Draft_Sistach_893405401-image11.png|centre|600x600px]]
-The tensile test results show that the material is promising, as the results are good, compared to other recycled panels performed at fidamc on previous years. The obtained tensile strength is around 330-350 MPa and modulus around 50-60 GPa, which is slightly better than aluminium in tensile strength, but around 75% of its modulus. All results are depicted compared to other materials in [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image12.png|Figure 10]] and [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image13.png|Figure 11]].
+The tensile test results show that the material is promising, as the results are good, compared to other recycled panels performed at fidamc on previous years. The obtained tensile strength is around 330-350 MPa and modulus around 50-60 GPa, which is slightly better than aluminium in tensile strength, but around 75% of its modulus. All results are depicted compared to other materials in [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image12.png|Figure 9]] and [[Draft Sistach 893405401-image13.png|Figure 10]].
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 10: Traction resistance for different materials</div>
+Figure 9: Traction resistance for different materials</div>
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 134: / Line 134: @@
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 11: Young's modulus for different materials</div>
+Figure 10: Young's modulus for different materials</div>
 ==5. Conclusions and references==

← Older revision	Revision as of 10:09, 29 August 2023
(No difference)

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 [mailto:Jaime.sistach@fidamc.es Jaime.sistach@fidamc.es]</div>
 -->
 ==1. Introduction==

@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 ===2.1. Equipment definition===
-The starting point for evaluating the calender system as a method to reduce the starting thickness and achieve homogenization of the final material was the acquisition of a small equipment representative of the technology. Selected machine is composed of two rollers (diameter around 30 mm), and a manual lever that generate the movement. The distance between rollers could also be adjusted.  As the machine is an R&D acquisition as a proof of concept to validate the concept, width of the rollers is less than 100 mm, not allowing for big chunks of material to be fed. With this machine, an initial calendering of the recycled material could be done, and the performance of the method can be evaluated in order to establish the necessary machine parameters for a possible set-up in production.
+The starting point for evaluating the calender system as a method to reduce the starting thickness and achieve homogenization of the final material was the acquisition of a small equipment representative of the technology (see [[Figure 2]]). Selected machine is composed of two rollers (diameter around 30 mm), and a manual lever that generate the movement. The distance between rollers could also be adjusted.  As the machine is an R&D acquisition as a proof of concept to validate the concept, width of the rollers is less than 100 mm, not allowing for big chunks of material to be fed. With this machine, an initial calendering of the recycled material could be done, and the performance of the method can be evaluated in order to establish the necessary machine parameters for a possible set-up in production.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 :* Effect of different processing temperatures, both on the final result and on the process itself.
-The idea is to obtain a graph similar to the represented in Figure 5, but with a set of reliable values, to be able to design a new process with a new and more powerful machine.
+The idea is to obtain a graph similar to the represented in [[Figure 5]], but with a set of reliable values, to be able to design a new process with a new and more powerful machine.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 86: / Line 86: @@
 The first tests were performed on pure 0° unidirectional scrap fibers. The results were positive, although some points were made: There is a certain undulation in the calendered section, because of the fiber spreading (there is also no 90° fibers, so the fibers will not be held together, which would help with the thickness reduction).
+There is a certain dryness found after calendering, so some resin will be needed to avoid dry areas.
-−
-Figure 6: UD Scrap test
-−
-There is a certain dryness found after calendaring, so some resin will be needed to avoid dry areas.
 ===2.5. Multidirectional scrap calendering===
@@ Line 96: / Line 92: @@
 After performing the first tests with unidirectional scrap, multidirectional scrap had to be tested. Although the main direction in the ATL panels tends to be 0°, having most of its fibers on that direction, there are still some other orientations that are present in the laminate.
-The result of this test was way worse than the unidirectional fibers. 0° plies can be spread parallel to the calendering direction, but 90° plies move back and forth causing wrinkles and inhomogeneity. +-45° plies show an intermediate result between 0 and 90, being the final result not as good as expected. Dryness is also higher because of the deconsolidation.
+The result of this test was way worse than the unidirectional fibers. 0° plies can be spread parallel to the calendering direction, but 90° plies move back and forth causing wrinkles and inhomogeneity. +-45° plies show an intermediate result between 0 and 90, being the final result not as good as expected (See in [[Figure 7]]). Dryness is also higher because of the deconsolidation.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 104: / Line 100: @@
 Figure 7: First multilayer scrap tests</div>
-In order to try to reduce the wrinkles that are formed in the calendering process, a second test is performed, but calendering in a perpendicular direction (transversal to ply direction). This significantly improves the results, as the fibers are spread rather than wrinkled.
+In order to try to reduce the wrinkles that are formed in the calendering process, a second test is performed, but calendering in a perpendicular direction (transversal to ply direction as in [[figure 8]]). This significantly improves the results, as the fibers are spread rather than wrinkled.
+[[File:Draft_Sistach_893405401-image7.png|centre|600x600px]]
-[[Image:Draft_Sistach_893405401-image7.png|600px]]
-−
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 Figure 8: Transverse calendering</div>
@@ Line 117: / Line 111: @@
 In order to validate the process, to see that the properties are somewhat enough for the expected applications, some samples and mechanical testing have to be performed.
-The panel was manufactured from the transverse calendered strips, using a hot press tooling, following a curing cycle of 120 min at 185 °C, at 8 bar.
+The panel was manufactured from the transverse calendered strips, using a hot press tooling, following a curing cycle of 120 min at 185 °C, at 8 bar ([[Figure 9]]).
 [[Image:Draft_Sistach_893405401-image8.png|600px]]
@@ Line 135: / Line 129: @@
 Figure 10: Micrographs and Vh results</div>
-As it can be observed in <span id='cite-_Ref135134909'></span>[[#_Ref135134909|Figure 9]] and <span id='cite-_Ref135134932'></span>[[#_Ref135134932|Table 1]]. micrographs and Vh show good results and low porosity, and acid digestion shows almost no voids.
+As it can be observed in <span id='cite-_Ref135134909'></span>[[#_Ref135134909|Figure 10]] and <span id='cite-_Ref135134932'></span>[[#_Ref135134932|Table 1]]. micrographs and Vh show good results and low porosity, and acid digestion shows almost no voids.
 <span id='_Ref135134932'></span><div id="_Ref135134915" class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 142: / Line 136: @@
 [[Image:Draft_Sistach_893405401-image11.png|600px]]
-The tensile test results show that the material is promising, as the results are good, compared to other recycled panels performed at fidamc on previous years. The obtained tensile strength is around 330-350 MPa and modulus around 50-60 GPa, which is slightly better than aluminium in tensile strength, but around 75% of its modulus.
+The tensile test results show that the material is promising, as the results are good, compared to other recycled panels performed at fidamc on previous years. The obtained tensile strength is around 330-350 MPa and modulus around 50-60 GPa, which is slightly better than aluminium in tensile strength, but around 75% of its modulus. All results are depicted compared to other materials in [[Figure 11]] and [[Figure 12]].
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">

@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 A typical view of the off cuts generated in this method is represented in <span id='cite-_Ref135121710'></span>[[#_Ref135121710|Figure 1]], where the unused scrap is represented in black. The objective of this line of the MC4 project is the reuse of this scrap material in order to find new applications for this material that nowadays is not more than waste. In order to achieve this target, the material has to be processed until getting a new homogeneous format that can be suitable for the manufacturing., This way, thickness variations and material shape have to be homogenized, trying to take advantage of the fiber orientations.  To do that, the material has to be cut into same width strips, and then calendered to reduce its thickness to a constant value for all the strips.
-==2. Definition of the process==
+==2. Experimental==
 ===2.1. Equipment definition===
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
   [[Image:Draft_Sistach_893405401-image2.png|324px]] </div>
+Figure 2: Calendering machine
-[[Image:Draft_Sistach_893405401-picture-Text Box 1.svg|center|600px]]
 .2. Starting material
@@ Line 83: / Line 82: @@
 Figure 5: Calendering test plan</div>
-==3. Calendering process==
+===2.4. Unidirectional scrap calendering===
-−
-===3.1. Unidirectional scrap===
 The first tests were performed on pure 0° unidirectional scrap fibers. The results were positive, although some points were made: There is a certain undulation in the calendered section, because of the fiber spreading (there is also no 90° fibers, so the fibers will not be held together, which would help with the thickness reduction).
-[[Image:Draft_Sistach_893405401-picture-x0000_s1027.svg|center|600px]]
 There is a certain dryness found after calendaring, so some resin will be needed to avoid dry areas.
-===3.2. Multidirectional scrap===
+===2.5. Multidirectional scrap calendering===
 After performing the first tests with unidirectional scrap, multidirectional scrap had to be tested. Although the main direction in the ATL panels tends to be 0°, having most of its fibers on that direction, there are still some other orientations that are present in the laminate.
@@ Line 115: / Line 113: @@
 This seems a good path to follow, so from this point on, all calendering processes will be done this way, as it is the method that shows the best results.
-==4. Characterization of the material==
+==4. Results and discussion==
 In order to validate the process, to see that the properties are somewhat enough for the expected applications, some samples and mechanical testing have to be performed.
@@ Line 158: / Line 156: @@
 Figure 12: Young's modulus for different materials</div>
-==5. Conclusions and future work==
+==5. Conclusions and references==
 This new process seeks the recycling of the waste material of the ATL panels made for the production of aircraft components. This material will obviously have lower properties than the original one, but the objective is to increase them as much as possible, with the intention of using it for low/medium performance applications, that do not require high performance materials.