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<p>Created page with &quot;== Abstract == This paper explores the design profession’s evolving understanding of lateral design. It shows how the United States building codes’ handling of...&quot;</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div>== Abstract ==<br /> <br /> This paper explores the design profession’s evolving understanding of lateral <br /> design. It shows how the United States building codes’ handling of seismic and wind forces <br /> has changed over time, often in response to extreme events or technological developments. <br /> Prior to the early 1900s most buildings were designed without an explicitly defined lateral <br /> force resisting system. Up to that time period earthquakes and strong wind events produced <br /> little in the way of code requirements to address lateral forces. It was the advent of steel and <br /> high-rise construction in the late 19th Century that triggered a need to consider lateral loads. <br /> During the early 20th Century little consensus existed regarding the lateral forces that <br /> needed to be resisted. Wind loading provisions began appearing in the codes of large cities <br /> in the early 1900s, but it would not be until the 1930s that seismic provisions started to be <br /> codified, and then only in California. Throughout the 20th Century significant lateral events <br /> have continued to expose vulnerabilities that have been subsequently addressed with changes <br /> in construction detailing and code restrictions. In the mid-1900s regional building codes <br /> developed, focusing on the lateral hazards present in their locality. By 2000 these regional <br /> codes were replaced by a national code, and lateral design has now started to shift from <br /> prescriptive requirements towards performance-based design. This paper will help structural <br /> engineers better understand the historic building stock by exploring how lateral design has <br /> evolved in the US over the last hundred years.<br /> <br /> == Full document ==<br /> &lt;pdf&gt;Media:Draft_Content_249045891p849.pdf&lt;/pdf&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> [1] Reitherman, Robert K. Earthquakes and Engineers: An International History. ASCE Press, Reston (2012) p 46. <br /> <br /> [2] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 47. <br /> <br /> [3] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 85. <br /> <br /> [4] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 85-93. <br /> <br /> [5] American Standard Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures (A58). National Bureau of Standards. United States Government Printing Office, Washington (1945) p 30. <br /> <br /> [6] Green, Melvyn. Building Codes for Existing and Historic Buildings. John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, Inc., Hoboken (2012). <br /> <br /> [7] Rossber, Jim and Leon, Roberto T. Evolution of Codes in the USA. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (2013). <br /> <br /> [8] Friedman, Donald. Historical Building Construction: Design, Materials &amp;amp; Technology. W.W. Norton &amp;amp; Company Inc., New York (2010). <br /> <br /> [9] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 147-151. <br /> <br /> [10] Derry, T.K. and Williams, T.I. A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900. Dover Publications, New York, NY (1993) p 481-486. <br /> <br /> [11] Kidder, Frank E. The Architect’s and Builder’s Pocket-Book. John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, New York (1908) p 1082. <br /> <br /> [12] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 147-151. <br /> <br /> [13] Kidder. The Architect’s and Builder’s Pocket-Book. p 1082. <br /> <br /> [14] Trautwine, John C. The Civil Engineer’s Pocket-Book. Renouf Publishing Co., Wallingford (1872). <br /> <br /> [15] Pocket Companion Containing Useful Information and Tables Appertaining to the Use of Steel. Carnegie Steel Company. Pittsburg (1903) p 58. <br /> <br /> [16] Freitag, Joseph Kendall. Architectural Engineering with Especial Reference to High Building Construction. John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, New York (1909) p 282. <br /> <br /> [17] Tobriner, Stephen. Bracing for Disaster: Earthquake-Resistant Architecture and Engineering in San Francisco, 1838-1933. Heyday Books, Berkeley (2006) p 166. <br /> <br /> [18] Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures (A58) p 30-32. <br /> <br /> [19] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 109 &amp;amp; 648. <br /> <br /> [20] Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures (A58) p 30-32. <br /> <br /> [21] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 147-151. <br /> <br /> [22] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 650. <br /> <br /> [23] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 200. <br /> <br /> [24] Pregnoff, M.V. Connections: EERI Oral History Series, Michael Pregnoff and John Rinner. Earthquake Engineering Institute, Oakland (1996) p.14-17. <br /> <br /> [25] Freitag. Architectural Engineering. p 249. <br /> <br /> [26] Kidder. The Architect’s and Builder’s Pocket-Book. p 1082-1083. <br /> <br /> [27] Kidder, Frank E. and Nolan, Thomas. The Architects’ and Builders’ Handbook. John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, New York (1921) p 1171-1193. <br /> <br /> [28] Freeman, John R. Earthquake Damage and Earthquake Insurance. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York (1932) p. 172. <br /> <br /> [29] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 200. <br /> <br /> [30] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 223. <br /> <br /> [31] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 161, 222 <br /> <br /> [32] Rossber. Evolution of Codes in the USA. <br /> <br /> [33] Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures (A58). <br /> <br /> [34] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 33, 288. <br /> <br /> [35] Dixon, Rick. The Florida Building Code – Florida’s Response to Hurricane Risk. Presentation by Florida Building Commision (2009). <br /> <br /> [36] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 272, 476 <br /> <br /> [37] SEAOC Seismology Committee. Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary. Structural Engineers Association of California (1974), p-7C. <br /> <br /> [38] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 585. <br /> <br /> [39] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 371. <br /> <br /> [40] Dixon, Rick. The Florida Building Code – Florida’s Response to Hurricane Risk. <br /> <br /> [41] Knezevich, John W. Hurricane-Driven Building Code Enhancements. Structure Magazine (July 2017). <br /> <br /> [42] FEMA. Hurricanes’ Impact on Florida’s Building Codes &amp;amp; Standards. FEMA Mitigation Section Technical Services Branch (2005). <br /> <br /> [43] Reitherman. Earthquakes and Engineers. p 585. <br /> <br /> [44] Green. Building Codes for Existing and Historic Buildings. <br /> <br /> [45] Rossber. Evolution of Codes in the USA. <br /> <br /> [46] Housner, G.W. Historical View of Earthquake Engineering, Proceedings of the Eighth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco (1984).</div>

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