Caminero et al 2022a - Revision history

Materiales.Compuestos at 13:58, 11 December 2022

2022-12-11T13:58:23Z

Materiales.Compuestos: Materiales.Compuestos moved page Review 366958680329 to Caminero et al 2022a

2022-06-21T16:44:22Z

Materiales.Compuestos moved page Review 366958680329 to Caminero et al 2022a

Materiales.Compuestos: Materiales.Compuestos moved page Draft Compuestos 418276917 to Review 366958680329

2022-06-21T16:43:50Z

Materiales.Compuestos moved page Draft Compuestos 418276917 to Review 366958680329

Materiales.Compuestos at 16:38, 21 June 2022

2022-06-21T16:38:48Z

Materiales.Compuestos: Created page with "
M.A. Caminero^a*, J.M. Chacón^b, P.J. Núñez^a, E. García-P..."

2022-06-21T16:36:13Z

Created page with " <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> M.A. Camineroa*, J.M. Chacónb, P.J. Núñeza, E. García-P..."

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-<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Table 1.''' Stiffness and strength properties of nylon matrix and continuous fibres provided by the manufacturer MarkForged® [30].</span></div>
+<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Table 1.''' Stiffness and strength properties of nylon matrix and continuous fibres provided by the manufacturer MarkForged® [30]</span></div>
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 D printed CFRTPCs samples were manufactured using a MarkForged<sup>®</sup> MarkTwo desktop 3D printer. This system can print two kind of materials independently and, hence, it has two extruders and two print heads (Figure 1). One of the print heads is used to extrude nylon (matrix) and the other one is used to print fibre reinforcement. The nylon and fibre layers are printed with a hot end temperature of 273 ºC and 232 ºC, respectively, on a non-heated print bed. Carbon fibre was printed in layers of 0.125 mm and Kevlar<sup>®</sup> and glass fibres were printed in layers of 0.1 mm. The design of the 3D printer allows continuous fibre reinforcement to be placed as required. It allows specifying the fibre orientation on the layer-by-layer deposition process. MarkTwo uses its own software designated as Eiger<sup>®</sup>. This software allows to import .STL and .OBJ models.
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 There are no standard test methods for determining tensile and flexural properties of CFRTPCs parts manufactured using FDM. In this study, the ASTM D3039 [31 and D790 [32] methods were applied for testing tensile and flexural specimens, respectively. The geometry of the 3D printed specimens were modelled using SolidWorks<sup>®</sup>, exported as an STL file and imported to the 3D printing software. Two types of fibre pattern can be selected in the MarkForged<sup>®</sup> MarkTwo desktop 3D printer: concentric and isotropic. In this study, isotropic fibre patterns were analysed. The term “isotropic” does not define the mechanical properties of the test specimens. Isotropic fill is in this case resulted in an unidirectional anisotropic specimen. Furthermore, the isotropic pattern was observed to yield higher tensile strength and stiffness than concentric pattern [14]. The main dimensions and details of layer thickness and build orientation (Flat and On-edge) of the 3D printed specimens are shown in Figure 2.
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 In order to clarify the results for a better understand of the correlation between the different ranges of process parameters on mechanical performance, the graphical representation of these results is shown in Figure 3. These figure shows the average maximum tensile and flexural strengths as a function of layer thickness and fibre volume content, respectively.
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 Tables 3 and 4 and Figure 3 depict the average and standard deviation of the maximum strength and stiffness for the 3D printed reinforced nylon samples. The results reveal that the type of fibre reinforcement, build orientation and fibre volume content significantly affected the mechanical performance of the 3D printed composite samples. The differences on mechanical properties of 3D printed composite samples due to the type of fibre reinforcement can be explained by the differences on mechanical properties of the individual continuous fibres. Table 1 depicts the mechanical performance of the nylon matrix and the individual continuous fibres. More specifically, it is observed that carbon fibre showed the best performance in terms of tensile and flexural strength and stiffness, while glass and Kevlar<sup>®</sup> fibres resulted in lower ones with similar values. Carbon fibres are known for their high stiffness-to-weight ratio but are expensive and, hence they are mainly used in industries such as automotive or aerospace industry. On the other hand, glass and Kevlar<sup>®</sup> fibres are relatively inexpensive, and exhibit fairly good mechanical properties and they are suitable for parts that are less stringent on weight and strength, so that parts can be manufactured at lower cost. In addition, Kevlar<sup>®</sup> fibres are well known for its enhanced impact properties. These observations were in good accordance with the results of 3D printed reinforced samples depicted in Tables 4 and 5. The advantage of using carbon fibre to reinforce a 3D printed part was further evident from the flexural results, as the stiffness of the samples reinforced with carbon fibre are twice that of Kevlar<sup>®</sup> and three times that achieved using glass fibre. For example, an increase in tensile and flexural strength was observed from nylon samples to Type C flat composite samples for the three fibre reinforcements, increasing by 1313% and 1888% for carbon fibre, 887% and 791% for Kevlar<sup>®</sup> fibre and 1133% and 863% for glass fibre samples. These improvements in mechanical performance are even higher in terms of stiffness. Tensile and flexural testing demonstrated strengths of up to 436 MPa for tensile and 423.5 MPa for flexural loading with Type C, which are higher that the reported results of some non-ferrous metal alloys, such as Aluminium 6061-T6 [14].
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−	~~<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">~~
−	~~M.A. Caminero<sup>a</sup>*, J.M. Chacón<sup>b</sup>, P.J. Núñez<sup>a</sup>, E. García-Plaza<sup>a</sup>, I. García-Moreno<sup>a</sup>, J.M. Reverte<sup>b</sup></div>~~
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−	~~<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">~~
−	<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"><sup>a </sup>Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, INEI, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13005-Ciudad Real, Spain</span></div>
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−	~~<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">~~
−	<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"><sup>b </sup>Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, IMACI, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13005-Ciudad Real, Spain</span></div>
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−	~~<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">~~
−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"><sup>* </sup>Corresponding author, Email address: [mailto:miguelangel.caminero@uclm.es miguelangel.caminero@uclm.es]</span></div>~~
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−	\| colspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"\|<big>Fabricación aditiva de compuestos termoplásticos reforzados con fibra continua mediante modelado de deposición fundida: Efecto de los parámetros del proceso en las propiedades mecánicas </big>
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−	~~\| style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"\|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"> [[Image:Draft_Compuestos_418276917-image1.png\|54px]] </span>~~
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−	~~\| style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"\|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Historia del artículo:</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Recibido 3 de Mayo de 2019</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">En la versión revisada 20 de Junio de 2019</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Aceptado 5 de Julio de 2019</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Accesible online 19 de Julio de 2021</span>~~
−	\| rowspan='4' style="vertical-align: top;"\|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Los compuestos termoplásticos reforzados con fibra continua (CFRTPCs) se están convirtiendo en materiales alternativos para reemplazar los polímeros y metales termoendurecibles convencionales debido a su excelente rendimiento mecánico, reciclaje y potencial utilizado en estructuras ligeras. El modelado de deposición fundida (FDM) es una tecnología de fabricación aditiva prometedora y una alternativa a los procesos convencionales para la fabricación de CFRTPC debido a su capacidad para construir piezas funcionales con geometrías complejas. Las propiedades mecánicas de una pieza construida dependen de varios parámetros del proceso. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar el efecto de la orientación de la construcción, el grosor de la capa y el contenido de volumen de fibra en el rendimiento mecánico de componentes compuestos reforzados con fibra continua impresos en 3D fabricados por una impresora 3D de escritorio. Se realizan ensayos de tracción y flexión en tres puntos para determinar la respuesta mecánica de las probetas impresas. Las imágenes SEM de superficies fracturadas se evalúan para determinar los efectos de los parámetros del proceso en los modos de falla.</span>
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−	<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Se observa que el efecto del espesor de capa de las muestras de nailon sobre el rendimiento mecánico es marginalmente significativo. Además, las muestras continuas reforzadas con fibra muestran valores de resistencia y rigidez más altos que las no reforzadas. Los resultados muestran que los compuestos reforzados con fibra de carbono exhiben el mejor rendimiento mecánico con mayor rigidez y las muestras planas exhiben valores más altos de resistencia y rigidez que las muestras en el borde. Además, los resultados muestran que la resistencia y la rigidez aumentan a medida que aumenta el contenido de volumen de fibra en la mayoría de los casos, pero, a la inversa, el nivel de incremento en el rendimiento mecánico es moderado con un aumento continuo en el contenido de fibra, particularmente en el caso de Kevlar® y fibras de vidrio, debido a una unión débil entre las capas de fibra / nailon, así como a la presencia de mayores niveles de defectos.</span>
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−	~~\| style="border-top: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"\|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Palabras clave:</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Impresión 3D</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Modelado de deposición fundida</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Compuestos termoplásticos reforzados con fibra continua</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Caracterización mecánica</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Parámetros de proceso</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Analisis de fallas</span>~~
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−	\| colspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"\|Additive manufacturing of continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites using fused deposition modelling: Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties
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−	~~\| style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"\|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"> [[Image:Draft_Compuestos_418276917-image2.png\|54px]] </span>~~
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−	~~\| style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"\|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Keywords:</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">3D printing</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Fused deposition modelling</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Mechanical characterization</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Process parameters</span>~~
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−	~~<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Failure analysis</span>~~
−	\| rowspan='2' style="vertical-align: top;"\|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Continuous Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites (CFRTPCs) are becoming alternative materials to replace the conventional thermosetting polymers and metals due to excellent mechanical performance, recycling and potential used in lightweight structures. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a promising additive manufacturing technology and an alternative of conventional processes for the fabrication of CFRTPCs due to its ability to build functional parts having complex geometries. The mechanical properties of a built part depend on several process parameters. The aim of this study is to characterize the effect of build orientation, layer thickness and fibre volume content on the mechanical performance of 3D printed continuous fibre reinforced composites components manufactured by a desktop 3D printer. Tensile and three-point bending tests are carried out to determine the mechanical response of the printed specimens. SEM images of fractured surfaces are evaluated to determine the effects of process parameters on failure modes. </span>
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−	<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">It is observed that the effect of layer thickness of nylon samples on the mechanical performance is marginally significant. In addition, continuous fibre reinforced samples show higher strength and stiffness values than unreinforced ones. The results show that carbon fibre reinforced composites exhibit the best mechanical performance with higher stiffness and flat samples exhibit higher values of strength and stiffness than on-edge samples. Additionally, the results show that strength and stiffness increase as fibre volume content increases in most cases but, conversely, the level of increment in mechanical performance is moderate with continued rise in fibre content, particularly in the case of Kevlar<sup>®</sup> and glass fibres, due to weak bonding between the fibre/nylon layers as well as the presence of increased levels of defects.</span>
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	==1 Introduction==		==1 Introduction==

← Older revision	Revision as of 16:44, 21 June 2022
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