Colloquiam: Documents published in 2025

Market Signal from Syntactic Authority: Syntactic Authority Index and Market Signal

Agustin V. Startari — Tue, 21 Oct 2025 14:30:22 +0200

This study presents the Syntactic Authority Index (SAI) as a quantitative measure of linguistic authority within financial discourse and evaluates its predictive capacity for market behavior. By detecting recurrent authority-bearing constructions such as deontic modalities, nominalizations, enumerations, and passive imperatives, the index demonstrates how linguistic form itself carries institutional weight. The regla compilada, understood as a Type-0 production that binds constraints to model decisions, functions as the generative substrate connecting syntax to observable financial reactions. Using multilingual corpora of earnings calls, investor letters, and regulatory filings, the research examines whether variations in the SAI precede abnormal returns, volume shifts, and regulatory enforcement events. Out-of-sample evaluations show that increases in syntactic authority correlate with short-term market anomalies while remaining independent of sentiment or tone. The signal intensifies under macroeconomic uncertainty or within firms under regulatory observation. These findings indicate that linguistic form operates as an actionable signal, showing that authority encoded in syntax can coordinate expectations and influence market conduct without relying on authorial intent. Acknowledgment / Editorial Note This article is published with editorial permission from LeFortune Academic Imprint, under whose license the text will also appear as part of the upcoming book AI Syntactic Power and Legitimacy. The present version is an autonomous preprint, structurally complete and formally self-contained. No substantive modifications are expected between this edition and the print edition. LeFortune holds non-exclusive editorial rights for collective publication within the Grammars of Power series. Open access deposit on SSRN is authorized under that framework, if citation integrity and canonical links to related works (SSRN: 10.2139/ssrn.4841065, 10.2139/ssrn.4862741, 10.2139/ssrn.4877266) are maintained.

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Neal M. Davies — Fri, 17 Oct 2025 23:16:59 +0200

Causal vs Retrocausal Attention Boundaries

Agustin V. Startari — Fri, 17 Oct 2025 14:50:23 +0200

This study quantifies the minimal right context that changes model decisions about authority bearing constructions under strict causal masking versus non causal access. We formalize flip probability P_flip(b to b+Δ), the instance level threshold τ(x), and the construction level threshold τ_C, and we measure breakpoint sharpness over a right context ladder b in {0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32}. The dataset contains minimal pair ladders per construction family, deontic stacks, nominalizations, enumerations, defaults, agent deletion, scope setting adverbs, role addressatives, across six languages, en, es, pt BR, fr, de, hi, with balanced length, domain, and register, and human gold labels. We evaluate frozen causal decoder models, non causal encoders and encoder decoders, and causal streaming variants with sliding windows. Masking primitives include hard truncation, stochastic truncation, and delayed reveal streaming with cache isolation and sentinel based leakage tests. Primary endpoints are τ_C by construction and language, P_flip curves, AUC_flip, and a latency accuracy frontier. Results map τ_C to observed compliance deltas on instructed tasks while holding administrative workflow constant. The contributions are a public dataset with right context ladders, an evaluation harness with tested masks, per construction τ atlases and P_flip plots, and a preregistered analysis that links regla compilada constraints, Type 0 production equivalence, to measurable authority judgments. Acknowledgment / Editorial Note This article is published with editorial permission from LeFortune Academic Imprint, under whose license the text will also appear as part of the upcoming book AI Syntactic Power and Legitimacy. The present version is an autonomous preprint, structurally complete and formally self-contained. No substantive modifications are expected between this edition and the print edition. LeFortune holds non-exclusive editorial rights for collective publication within the Grammars of Power series. Open access deposit on SSRN is authorized under that framework, if citation integrity and canonical links to related works (SSRN: 10.2139/ssrn.4841065, 10.2139/ssrn.4862741, 10.2139/ssrn.4877266) are maintained.

Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Pre-Treatment for Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling

Scipedia content — Thu, 16 Oct 2025 10:37:02 +0200

Conventional recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) generally proceeds through stages of discharging, dismantling, shredding, and thermal treatment. The pyrolysis step is particularly important for removing organic components, such as electrolytes and binders. The present study focuses on investigating a thermal pretreatment process that integrates the discharging, dismantling, and pyrolysis steps. The process involves exposing LIB cells to moderate temperatures (below 300 °C) to trigger thermal runaway, while conserving the materials to be recycled. This method is intended to serve as an initial step in the LIB recycling chain, aiming to enhance the efficiency of downstream recycling processes, including pyro-, hydro-, and bio-metallurgy. To study this process, experimental and numerical approaches are being employed, with the goal of better understanding of the physical and chemical phenomena involved and providing insights for industrial optimization.

DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN PROTOTIPO INTELIGENTE DE OXIGENACIÓN MEDIANTE ENERGÍA SOLAR EN ESTANQUE DE GEOMEMBRANAS EXISTENTE EN EL SENA SUCRE

Cristian Perez — Thu, 16 Oct 2025 01:04:33 +0200

In this project, it is proposed to design and build an intelligent oxygenation prototype powered by solar energy, in the existing geomembrane ponds at SENA, with the aim of ensuring an efficient oxygen supply for tilapia farming in Sucre. Through the design and construction of this intelligent oxygenation system, aquaculture production will be optimized by improving fish health and growth, as it provides optimal levels of dissolved oxygen in the water. In addition to improving production, this prototype will reduce energy costs, representing savings for producers.

Description of Air-Droplet Flow in the Problem of Aircraft Icing Modeling

Scipedia content — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 11:54:00 +0200

In-flight aircraft icing is a serious problem affecting flight safety and operational
reliability. Atmospheric supercooled water droplets impinge on aircraft surfaces and freeze,
forming ice, which can severely degrade aerodynamic performance and operational safety,
potentially leading to a complete loss of control. Computational fluid dynamics is an important
tool in the development of aircraft anti-icing systems, and modeling icing processes is a
complex, interdisciplinary, and multi-physics task. This study presents approaches to describing
the air-droplet incoming flow in aircraft icing modeling and analyzes the behavior of droplets
interacting with an ice-covered aerodynamic surface. The Navier-Stokes equations coupled
with the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model are used to describe the motion of the carrier
medium. The applicability of the polydisperse Eulerian, Lagrangian trajectory, and
homogeneous models is analyzed for supercooled droplet dynamics. Numerical simulation of
icing processes is performed using the control volume method, taking into account the
conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy. The analysis conducted in this work
showed that the homogeneous model is appropriate for conditions near the phase transition
point. The freezing of moisture that impinges on the aerodynamic surface is primarily governed
by the temperature of the aerodynamic body and its heat exchange with the incoming flow. In
cases where supercooled atmospheric droplets play a dominant role in the icing process, the
Lagrangian trajectory model and the polydisperse Eulerian model are preferable for describing
the air-droplet flow. The primary conclusion is that the polydisperse Eulerian model is
preferable, as it best accounts for the characteristics of two-phase viscous compressible flow
around bodies and the interaction of the carrier and liquid phases, making it the most promising
approach for modeling aircraft icing. The results obtained can be used to ensure flight safety,
design anti-icing systems, and investigate aviation accidents

Simulating interparticular forces in cementitious media using the Discrete Particle Method

Scipedia content — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 11:51:18 +0200

Concrete is by far the most produced material in the world, at around 15 billion tonnes
per year [1]. Given the scale of production and the associated use of cement, the concrete industry
is a large CO2 emitter, responsible for more than twice the CO2 emissions of global
aviation [2, 3]. Consequently, concrete offers significant potential for climate impact mitigation
by reducing the embodied CO2 per kilogram of material [4]. Concrete consists mainly of sand,
gravel, water, and Portland cement clinker, with the latter being the main source of its high
global warming potential. Therefore, the ongoing research effort is to minimise the amount of
clinker in concrete by pursuing two different strategies: the development of alternative binders
and the optimisation of concrete composition. This study follows the latter approach. Optimising
concrete composition requires a detailed understanding of the interparticular forces that
occur. These forces are complex, and an efficient yet accurate strategy is required to predict
and investigate their effects on small scales, with the aim of upscaling to concrete in the future.
Therefore, this study investigates the linear viscoelastic contact model with adhesion forces to
capture the interactions between cement clinker, limestone filler, and quartz sand in an alkaline
solution. The contact model is then used to simulate the packing problem with three distinct
materials. The resulting packing density is compared to the same simulation, without interparticular
forces.

Turbulent Flow Simulation with High-Order Regularized Lattice Boltzmann Method Using D3Q27

Scipedia content — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 11:49:40 +0200

We employ the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to perform flow simulations
with the objective of evaluating the performance of the D3Q27 stencil in capturing complex
flow structures. We used a specific variation of the method known as the Moment
Representation Lattice Boltzmann Method (MR-LBM), which employs a second-order
moment representation to regularize the distribution functions, thereby enhancing computational
performance. The implementation incorporates the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook
(BGK) collision operator, which is embedded in the moment evaluation process. As
benchmark cases, we considered the lid-driven cavity (LDC) flow and a turbulent jet,
both of which require robust numerical treatment to handle boundary conditions and
resolve small-scale flow features. Dirichlet boundary conditions are enforced at solid
walls, and the implementation adopts the incompressible regularized boundary condition
(IRBC), which reduces the number of constraints on the second-order moments, thereby
improving the stability and efficiency of the simulations. Additionally, we incorporated a
high-order regularization technique and enforced a zero-trace condition on the momentum
flux tensor to further enhance numerical stability and accuracy. Numerical experiments
were conducted for Reynolds numbers of 10,000, 15,000, 25,000, and 50,000, employing
mesh sizes up to 256 lattice nodes per dimension, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of
the performance of the method under different flow conditions. The results were evaluated
based on root mean square (RMS) and mean velocity profiles across different mesh sizes
and Reynolds numbers. The findings were validated with results from the literature and
showed good agreement.

Impact of outlet boundary condition schemes for the lattice Boltzmann method regarding the Stefan phase-change problem

Scipedia content — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 11:48:01 +0200

In several industrial applications, there are systems that depend on multiphase flows.
Consequently, modelling these processes are very attractive for the scientific community. Having
a mesoscopic nature, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) presents advantages to deal with
complex geometries and complex processes, such as bubble merging, fluid-structure interaction,
etc. Several LBM models for multiphase flows were developed by the research community.
Usually, in the applications of multiphase flows, there are open boundaries where the fluid
with more than one phase leaves the domain. However, there are few works in the literature
regarding the impact of the BC schemes with the Allen-Cahn-based phase-field LBM, especially
considering liquid-gas phase change. Then, in this work, we explore the impact of three
schemes of open BC: the equilibrium scheme, the extrapolation scheme, and the convective BC
scheme. First, the impact of the BC schemes on a channel flow with a bubble inside is studied.
Next, the Stefan problem considering real properties (saturated HFE7100) is simulated. The
results showed that both the extrapolation and equilibrium schemes can introduce instabilities
and incoherences in the results, while the convective BC is the one that better conserves the
coherence of the results.

Numerical Calculation Model for MR Fluid Behavior in Magnetic Field

Scipedia content — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 11:46:30 +0200

Recently, Magnetorheological (MR) fluids have been attracting attention as a type of functional fluid. MR fluids have the property that the ferromagnetic particles form chain-like clusters and change their viscosity significantly in response to the applied magnetic field strength. MR fluids are expected to be applied to vibration control systems such as dampers, clutches, brakes and so on because of their ability to change viscosity electrically, reversibly, and continuously on the order of milliseconds. However, the mechanism is complex, and experimental approaches are the most common, requiring a large number of experiments on actual equipment.
Therefore, it is expected to analyze the behavior of magnetic particles inside the fluids by numerical simulation and clarify their dynamic characteristics for determining the optimal parameters for application to actual equipment. In this study, we propose a numerical analysis method that couples the particle method and the magnetic moment method, focusing on the change in shear stress due to the magnetic field in MR fluids. Also, we evaluate the effects of magnetic particle density and external magnetic field strength on the cluster formation speed and particle behavior.

Computational analysis of carbon-neutral biofuels co-firing in a rotary kiln

Scipedia content — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 11:45:04 +0200

This study presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of biomass co-firing in an industrial rotary kiln as a pathway toward reducing fossil fuel dependency and supporting decarbonization strategies. A three-dimensional multiphase model was developed in ANSYS Fluent, where biomass was represented as multi-component particles undergoing sequential processes of drying, pyrolysis, and char oxidation. Two operating scenarios were evaluated: (i) a baseline case with natural gas as the sole fuel, and (ii) a co-firing case in which 10% of the thermal input was provided by carbon-neutral biofuels.
The results highlight the influence of biomass addition on the thermal field and particle behavior. While a slight reduction in peak flame temperature was observed after biomass injection, the overall temperature distribution and bed heating profiles remained stable and adequate for process requirements. Particle-scale analysis confirmed complete thermal conversion, with moisture release, volatile consumption, and char oxidation leading to full burnout within the residence time.
These findings demonstrate the technical feasibility of partial biomass substitution in rotary kilns and emphasize the value of CFD modeling as a predictive tool for evaluating combustion stability, particle conversion, and process efficiency in high-temperature industrial systems.

Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics Post-Processing & Visualization Using ParaView: a Survey

Scipedia content — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 11:40:19 +0200

Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulation is a mesh-free method to simulate solid mechanics or fluid flows by approximating their volume with a set of particles and computation kernels. Hence the output of these simulations is usually a large set of points with associated values such as velocity or pressure. Due to the mesh-free nature of this method, their post-processing and visualization raise challenges to reconstruct the actual volume and extract significant features like interface surface or critical values.
This paper surveys the current and future post-processing methods of SPH simulations using ParaView [1], a reference tool to visualize and explore scientific data at scale. To visualize the millions of particles that SPH simulations can produce, ParaView can discretize particles and their density function over a regular grid, a surface or a line using a point interpolator. This enables using classic visualization techniques such as iso-contours or slicing. We also discuss other indirect rendering methods that can be used in ParaView, such as surface extraction and convex hulls, and introduce GPU representation methods [2], for direct and efficient rendering of particles over time, using gaussian points, volume rendering and ray tracing [3].
Finally, this paper provides an overview of particle rendering methods not yet available in Paraview, such as volume rendering using SPH kernels and data parallel processing algorithms on the GPU, for in situ rendering of large-scale SPH simulations.

Methods 3D DEM investigation into the liquefaction characteristics of highly crushable pumice sand

Scipedia content — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 10:23:18 +0200

Pumice sand particles present engineering challenges due to their tendency to crush and compress. Although laboratory and field tests can assess their behaviour, these methods are often time-consuming and costly. This study investigates the liquefaction behaviour of crushable pumice sand using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). In the model, each pumice particle is represented as a sphere that fractures into 14 smaller spheres when a critical contact force is exceeded. Initially, single particle crushing tests are conducted to determine breakage characteristics based on particle size. Subsequently, using the open-source code YADE, three-dimensional loose specimens are prepared and isotopically consolidated under specified confining pressures. These numerical specimens undergo cyclic loading under undrained conditions. The findings indicate that the DEM model successfully replicates experimental results, providing insights into how particle crushing influences cyclic deviator strain. Microscale observations also shed light on the development of force chains within the specimens, enhancing the understanding of pumice sand behaviour during cyclic loading.

Adaptive Time Step and Solver for Discrete Element Method - Beam Bond Model

Scipedia content — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 10:21:41 +0200

This contribution introduces an adaptive strategy for time-stepping and solver
selection in simulations based on the Discrete Element Method with beam bond models (DEMBBM).
In this approach, particles are connected by virtual beams capable of transmitting axial,
shear, and bending forces, enabling the simulation of both discrete and continuum mechanical
behaviour. Such capabilities are particularly relevant in crack propagation problems, where an
initially continuous structure is progressively disrupted by fracture. While DEM is traditionally
solved using explicit or semi-implicit integration schemes, certain classes of DEM-BBM
problems, such as those involving progressive fracture, can benefit from implicit methods.
These allow for longer time steps without compromising numerical stability. However, the time
step size can affect the accuracy of the solution, particularly under rapidly changing conditions.
For this reason, it must be continuously adapted based on the current state of the system, with
respect to velocities, stress distribution, and oscillatory response. Depending on the state of the
system, different solver types can be employed. When the system remains stable and the time
step is constant, direct solvers offer high efficiency. In contrast, when frequent structural
changes occur, such as during fracture development, iterative solvers are more suitable. The
proposed strategy enables dynamic transitions between solver types and time-stepping
adaptions, which improves robustness and computational performance.

Simulating Turbulent Flows With Synthetic Inflow Turbulence Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

Scipedia content — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 10:20:04 +0200

In this work, two algorithms for synthetic turbulent inflow generation are implemented within a modern transport-velocity SPH framework. Both methods are tested using three-dimensional simulations of convected isotropic turbulence with prescribed turbulence characteristics, including length scale, time scale and fluctuation intensity. The capability to model anisotropic turbulence is further assessed by simulating turbulent flow in a circular pipe. Near the turbulent inlet, a high agreement with the prescribed statistics is achieved. Coherent structures are successfully formed and exhibit realistic downstream evolution, demonstrating promising potential for future applications to more complex scenarios, such as shear-driven liquid atomization.

A Comparative Study of a Conventional and Modern Transport-Velocity SPH Scheme in a Reactive Mass Transfer Problem

Scipedia content — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 10:18:09 +0200

The advection-diffusion equation is fundamental to modeling mass transfer in various engineering applications, including solute transport in catalytic reactors, pollutant dispersion in environmental flows, and drug delivery in biological tissues. These problems often span a wide range of transport regimes, making accurate and robust numerical solutions essential for predictive modeling and design. In this work, we investigate two Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (WCSPH) approaches, a conventional SPH and a modern SPH with transport velocity, for modeling mass transport in a Laminar Flow Reactor (LFR), which includes advection, diffusion, and reaction effects. The study examines three Peclet numbers (Pe = 10, 1000, and 100,000), corresponding to diffusion-influenced, mixed, and advection-dominated transport regimes, respectively. Numerical results are benchmarked against COMSOL Multiphysics®. The modern SPH method demonstrates improved performance over the conventional SPH in low to moderate Peclet regimes, exhibiting reduced particle disorder, enhanced stability, and more accurate diffusion resolution. At high Peclet numbers, both approaches yield comparable results, though the modern SPH shows improved convergence and outlet concentration predictions. These findings highlight the potential of the implemented modern SPH approach for improved modeling of mass transfer in chemical reactors, particularly in diffusion-sensitive applications.

Power Distribution of various Rotor Configurations in a Vertical Stirred Mill determined with DEM

Scipedia content — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 10:13:08 +0200

Vertical stirred milling is a well-recognized technology for fine grinding applications in the mineral processing industry. It is increasingly used due to the higher energy efficiency compared to horizontal mills. Vertical arrangement leads to high grinding intensity and power draw in the bottom grinding chambers, thus bottom rotors may wear out more than upper rotors. Modelling power draw is of great interest proven by the effort in previous work. An analytical power model for this type of mills based on measurement data was developed by Heath et al. [1] and a particle-based approach was presented by Larsson et al. [2].
In this contribution a DEM model to determine the torque distribution along the shaft for every grinding compartment in a vertical stirred mill with castellated rotors [3] is presented. Different rotor configurations are evaluated, whereby the rotors vary in diameter, alignment and spacing. An optimized configuration with a combination of different rotors could be developed, which leads to a more even power distribution and a significant reduction of load on the bottom rotors. Simulations also reveal particle dynamics, which explain field experience in terms of wear. Furthermore, the influence of grinding media filling level on power draw is investigated. Higher filling levels increase power draw following an exponential trend. This model allows to optimize the rotor configuration along the shaft, which has a strong impact on rotor and liner wear, critically influencing operational costs

Investigations regarding the influence of particle shape on the numerical simulation of air pluviation using the dem method

Scipedia content — Tue, 14 Oct 2025 13:13:57 +0200

Air pluviation or sand raining is a method in geotechnics to create homogenous sand samples [1]. To investigate the behavior of the sand particles during pluviation, DEM (discrete element method) can be used due to its ability to realistically model particle interactions [2] with other sand particles or the pluviation equipment. These interactions are in turn influenced by the material as well as interaction properties and particle scaling. However, particle shape also influences the behavior such that realistically considering real-world particles’ shapes may improve modelling of the pluviation process.
To investigate the influence of particle shape on the simulation of air pluviation, three different numerical representations for sand particles will be used: (I) homogenous sand with spherical particles, (II) homogenous sand with uniform non-spherical particle shape, representing the average particle shape, and (III) heterogenous sand with varying particle shapes. The non-spherical particles are created using bonded spheres. For investigation of the pluviation process four partial processes were identified which are most likely to be influenced by particle shape: (I) the outflow out of the sieve, which regulates deposition intensity, (II) interactions with the diffusor sieves, which distribute the sand homogeneously over the sample surface, (III) free falling and the resulting particle interactions as well as (IV) the resulting sample density. For these processes, the impact of particle shape will be determined, including resulting particle velocities, angular velocities as well as the reached sample density. The results will, were applicable, be compared to results of physical experiments for further evaluation and validation.

Wave Behavior caused by Ladle Pouring and Plunger Advancing in Aluminum Alloy Die Casting using Particle-Based SPH Method

Scipedia content — Tue, 14 Oct 2025 13:07:42 +0200

Casting CAE software determines the operating conditions of ladle pouring and plunger advancing and prevents defects in aluminum alloy die casting. Quick operations of the ladle pouring and plunger advancing lead to disturbance of the molten metal flow and increase the risk of air entrapment. Conversely, if these operations are performed slowly, the temperature of the molten metal drops, and the risk of cold flake formation increases. Furthermore, since an oxide film exists on the surface of molten aluminum alloy and flows differently from water, it is necessary to perform simulations considering the oxide film. In conventional casting CAE simulation, the flow behavior by the plunger advancing is often simulated from a state in which the molten metal is stationary in the sleeve. In this study, we numerically analyze wave behavior caused by ladle pouring and plunger advancing processes. One is the superimposed ones of wave behavior when ladle pouring and plunger advance processes are simulated separately. The other is the wave behavior when simulated as a series of processes. The casting analysis software “COLMINA CAE” by the particle-based SPH method, which is considered the oxide film of molten aluminum alloy, is used to analyze the wave behaviors. Further, they have verified the wave behavior through visualization experiments. Comparing the simulated wave height and velocity, which shows the wave motion generated when the plunger advances from the stationary state of the molten metal in the sleeve is different from the wave motion in a series of processes, suggesting the need for simulation of a series of processes. These trends of wave behavior obtained in the simulation are similar to that of the actual phenomenon. Therefore, the present simulation

Entropy of Authority in Dialogue Games

Agustin V. Startari — Mon, 13 Oct 2025 18:27:33 +0200

We introduce Authority Entropy, an index that quantifies the distribution of authority stances within dialogue windows and tests its predictive value for compliance, convergence speed, and equilibrium stability. Using a multilingual lexicon of authority-bearing constructions anchored in the regla compilada as an operational constraint set, we train a strictly causal classifier that maps text to stance probabilities over {low, neutral, high}. Authority Entropy is computed per sliding window, together with its slope and volatility, and related to behavioral endpoints through survival models and doubly robust estimators. The study spans synthetic arenas with controllable payoffs, open multi-party tasks with outcome labels, and consented human–model interactions. Baselines include sentiment, toxicity, politeness, formality, and power taggers. Stress tests apply adversarial edits that alter authority cues while preserving semantics to assess sensitivity of entropy and downstream effects. Primary outcomes are compliance rate, convergence time, payoff stability, and regret, reported with leakage audits, calibration checks, and confidence intervals. Results target a public specification of the index, a causal benchmark and leaderboard, and open tooling to visualize instability regimes over time. The contribution is a portable, language-aware measure that links local authority structure to cooperative dynamics without right context leakage. Acknowledgment / Editorial Note This article is published with editorial permission from LeFortune Academic Imprint, under whose license the text will also appear as part of the upcoming book AI Syntactic Power and Legitimacy. The present version is an autonomous preprint, structurally complete and formally self-contained. No substantive modifications are expected between this edition and the print edition. LeFortune holds non-exclusive editorial rights for collective publication within the Grammars of Power series. Open access deposit on SSRN is authorized under that framework, if citation integrity and canonical links to related works (SSRN: 10.2139/ssrn.4841065, 10.2139/ssrn.4862741, 10.2139/ssrn.4877266) are maintained.

Total Quality Management and Organizational Performance in Tuguegarao City’s Construction Industry

Emer T. Quezon — Sun, 12 Oct 2025 12:18:44 +0200

In 2024, Tuguegarao City recorded its lowest economic growth. Recognizing the construction industry’s vital role in driving development, this study explored the influence of Total Quality Management (TQM) on the organizational performance of local construction companies. Data were collected through a standardized survey administered to 20 respondents. Most participating companies had been in operation for 5 to 10 years and held small to medium-sized Inter-Agency Committee licenses. Findings revealed a strong positive relationship between TQM practices and organizational performance, with Organizational Culture and Top Management Commitment and Leadership emerging as the most influential predictors. Multiple regression analysis showed that TQM practices accounted for 84.50% of the variance in performance. The study concludes that prioritizing these key TQM dimensions is crucial for enhancing performance and proposes a framework to facilitate the effective implementation of TQM in construction companies.

Personalized design and reconstruction for the defect bone based on data driving and mechanics modelling

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 13:01:10 +0200

Human periarticular bone defect is a difficult disease in orthopedics. There is challenge issue to recognize anisotropy, heterogeneity of bone tissue structure and graphics by low resolution clinic-CT image. In collaboration with clinical medicine, the data-driven and mechanics modeling technique for bone defect reconstruction is proposed. Data driven micro-CT and clinical-CT images are used to obtain the characteristics of cancellous bone structure and graphics. The experimental technology and numerical method are developed for predicting the mechanics parameters of animal specimen on the multi-axial stress state. The constitutive model of heterogeneous anisotropy of bone tissue is established and the parameters are deduced by Bayesian inference using the data given by numerical simulation and experiment. For designing the robust cancellous prosthesis bone, a kind of spinodal lattice is designed with random, indeterminate, aperiodic, asymmetry, irregular, large space for mechanical and biological function. The digital triplets with physical scanning CT image, virtual equivalent modulus and additive manufacturing lattice design are created to guide the clinical treatment of personalized bone defects. This work has been demonstrated in some clinical applications to the benefit of patients.

Constitutive Laws as Generative Graphs and Trees

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 12:57:37 +0200

This talk explores the various ways high-fidelity constitutive laws for a wide range of solids, such as soil, rock, alloys, and polymer composites, can be represented and how the choice of representations influences the accuracy, robustness, and data/computational efficiency for computer simulations of solids. To represent material models as points, we adopt a model-free approach that enables physical simulations of material behaviors without a smooth constitutive law. In this case, pointwise stress-strain pairs are selected in Gauss points of finite elements to be compatible with the conservation laws. To represent material models as meshes, we introduce a latent diffusion model where previous material models and experimental data are used to guide the reverse generation of models. This mesh-based material model is particularly efficient for non-smooth plasticity, where projection on segments can lead to significantly faster simulations. To represent material models as expression trees, we use the neural additive model in the projected space of strain measures. This technique enables us to search for hyperelasticity in high-dimensional space without sacrificing the expressivity of neural networks. We show that the proposed model may reproduce any polynomial of arbitrary orders and dimensions and thus achieve the universal approximation through the StoneWeierstrass theorem. Through a series of 1D post-hoc symbolic regressions, we obtain symbolic material models that significantly reduce the inference time for hydrocodes [1]. The pros and cons of these techniques for various practical applications will be discussed.

On the application of the virtual element method for problems with inelastic material behaviour

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 12:53:34 +0200

Plasticity and the airframe -- aircraft structure from birth to ultimate state

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 12:48:48 +0200

From the beginning of metallic airframes in the 1930's until today, it has always been required to have a thorough understanding of the plastic behaviour of aircraft structure. Nowadays, advanced models of plasticity are used along the entire design and development process: they are needed to compute the ultimate state of the structure for certification, and also to simulate the manufacturing of the often complex, double-curved components. Mastery of this chain has helped to create the safest mode of transport humankind has known so far. This talk will recap some of the history that got us to where we are today, to help understand current practice, and it will sketch future needs and possibilities. As in the past, the collaboration between academic research and the aerospace industry will continue to be the key to safety, comfort and sustainability.

Surrogate computational homogenization for inelastic composites and room for quantum acceleration strategies

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 12:44:18 +0200

We have recently proposed a class of data-centric methods for computational homogenization (CH) using radial basis function (RBF) interpolation, which substitutes for the microscopic analysis for inelastic composites at small-strain and finite-strain [1,2,3]. This approach, which is referred to as RBF-based surrogate CM, has been applied to elastoplastic composite materials at small strain [1] and finite strain [2], and viscoelastic composite materials [3] to demonstrate the capability in overcoming the difficulty of conventional multiscale analysis methods. However, the computational cost of the process of obtaining the weights of RBFs by solving linear equations with the kernel matrix as coefficients is high, and this approach has been applied only to twodimensional (2D) problems. To address the problem that comes from the sheer volume of data, in this study, various measures can be taken to extend the RBF-based surrogate CH to 3D problems from a practical perspective. For example, a limited number of combinations of the six components of macroscopic strain are randomly selected on the hypersphere to perform numerical material tests to generate a set of macroscopic stresses and macroscopic strain histories. After that, the procedure should be the same as the one we have developed so far. The present study particularly focusses on a partitioned RBF interpolation with the help of decision-tree-based partitioning of the data space. Optimizing the partitioning of the hyperspace, consisting of macrostrain and historydependent variables in the input data, allows for low-cost and efficient RBF interpolation approximation. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the promise and performance of the proposed method. The RBF-based surrogate model thus created can be applied to several engineering problems. For example, its convenience can be used for topology optimization, and we will also briefly discuss its potential for combination with quantum algorithms for nonlinear multiscale analysis.

Advances and structural applications of Isogeometric Analysis

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 12:41:57 +0200

Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) is a successful simulation framework originally proposed by T.J.R. Hughes et al., in 2005, with the aim of bridging Computational Mechanics and Computer Aided Design. In addition to this, thanks to the high-regularity properties of its basis functions, IGA has shown a better accuracy per degree-of-freedom and an enhanced robustness with respect to standard finite elements in many contexts - ranging from solids and structures to fluids, as well as to different kinds of coupled problems – opening also the door for the approximation in primal form of higher-order partial differential equations. After a concise introduction of the basic isogeometric concepts, this lecture aims at presenting some IGA recent advances with a special focus on interesting structural applications in several fields where the characteristics of IGA seem to be of great advantage. In particular, applications that will be discussed include the simulation of fluid-structure interaction in different situations, studies on the effect of mechanicallyinduced stresses on prostate cancer growth, thermo-mechanical simulations of additive manufacturing processes, electro-mechanical simulations for biological tissues, and the use of phase-field modeling of fracture and other problems.

Recent advances in the particle finite element method for fluid-structure interactions and multi-physics problems

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 12:37:25 +0200

Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) is a still rather young discretization method that seeks to merge the advantages of the classical FEM with those of modern particle-based methods, such as SPH. To this end, PFEM is designed as a Lagrangian method that combines computations over one time step using FEM with a fast remeshing algorithm, thereby avoiding mesh distortions consequent to very large deformations, such as those encountered in fluid flow with free surfaces. The method is thus quite flexible and can be applied to both solid and fluid material behavior (see e.g. [1] as a sample of the state of the art). PFEM has proven to be a very versatile method that not only allows tracking free evolving boundaries but also take into account thermo-mechanical coupling and thus tackle more complex multi-physics problems. For instance, thanks to its Lagrangian character and its ability to automatically track evolving free surfaces and interfaces, PFEM allows handling phase change due to solidification, melting and vaporization, as well as capillary and Marangoni effects from surface tension [2]. These physical ingredients are highly valuable for simulating melt pool dynamics, for example, in the context of additive manufacturing. Multiphysics problems can lead to models that are inherently incompatible or highly difficult to combine within the same numerical implementation. In such a case, it is convenient to split the physical models and solve them separately using dedicated software. Although this approach has been used mostly to address fluid-structure interaction problems in PFEM, it has also been used to couple thermo-mechanical models, for example, in the simulation of welding processes. This work gathers recent advances in the PFEM with special attention to the incorporation of multi-physics models and their applications. In addition, numerical examples of the PFEM will illustrate fluid-structure interaction problems including contact between different solid parts and plastic deformation of some components of the system. These advances will be complemented by new remeshing proposals to further improve the PFEM strategy, which aim at reducing numerical artifacts and improving the continuity and smoothness of the free surface on which complex physical phenomena take place.

A coupled Multiscale Model of the Human Cornea Accounting for the Collagenous Microstructure and the Extracellular Matrix

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 11:28:42 +0200

The human cornea is a complex, highly specialized structure necessary for the vision function of the Eye. The cornea, due to its shape and transparency, refracts and transmits the light to the retina. Cornea's mechanical properties, critical for maintaining corneal shape and function under intraocular pressure, arise from the composition of a hydrated proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) reinforced by an intricate network of collagen fibrils organized into lamellae. Despite extensive research, existing biomechanical models often fall short of capturing the coupled interplay between the ECM and collagen reinforcements, especially under physiological and pathological conditions. This work seeks to address this gap by proposing a novel computational model that integrates a continuum representation of the ECM with a discrete collagencrosslinking network. The continuum approach for the ECM is chosen to represent its viscoelastic behavior and interaction with fluid flow, critical for corneal hydration and load transmission. Conversely, the collagen network is modeled as a discrete, anisotropic reinforcement system, capturing the directional stiffness imparted by the collagen fibrils and their crosslinking. The model is developed to account for the influence of enzymatic degradation, age-related changes, and disease processes such as keratoconus, where alterations in the ECM-collagen coupling are known to drive structural instability. The innovation of this approach lies in its multiscale integration, bridging the molecular mechanics of collagen crosslinking with macroscopic corneal behavior. By explicitly linking the continuum matrix with a collagen-reinforced network, the model offers some possibility to deepen our understanding of corneal mechanics. The inclusion of experimentally derived parameters for collagen alignment, crosslink density, and ECM properties, will make the model predictive in the simulation of physiological responses to intraocular pressure and external mechanical perturbations.

Front tracking with a twist: the eXtreme mesh deformation approach (X-MESH)

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 11:24:12 +0200

The arbitrary Eulerian Lagrangian (ALE) formulation is a common approach for tracking fronts in finite element simulations. It is, however, difficult to track fronts over long distances because the mesh quality becomes poor on one side of the front. Moreover, traditional ALE front tracking cannot cope with changes in the front topology. To remedy the above problems (at least the first one), remeshing is required from time to time to maintain correct mesh approximation capability on both sides of the front. This remeshing requires projection of the field and updating of the database in the simulation, which is detrimental to the speed and accuracy. We introduce a new approach in which the set of nodes located on the front evolves over time allowing the front to migrate through the mesh. Topological changes are easily considered. For example, a front can nucleate, propagate and merge with other fronts as it propagates. For the new approach to work properly, we must accept that some elements become very small and possibly of zero measure. This means that the elements can deform in extreme ways, hence the acronym X-MESH. Surprisingly, as we shall show, this situation does not prevent simulations from being carried out. In short, X-MESH simply uses node movements to propagate fronts over long distances, even in the event of topological changes. The mesh topology remains unchanged during simulation. The size and sparsity of the finite element matrices are therefore fixed throughout the simulation, and no field projection is required. As the simulation progresses, nodes arrive and depart from the front. X-MESH's capability will be demonstrated for several important applications in mechanics and physics, such as front tracking in the Stefan phase change model or the simulation of immiscible two-phase flows. The work is funded by a European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant whose co-pI is Professor J-F. Remacle also at UCLouvain

Recent developments in detecting and localizing weaknesses in structures for high-fidelity digital twins

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 11:21:35 +0200

Given that all materials exposed to the environment and/or undergoing loads eventually age and fail, the task of trying to detect and localize weaknesses in structures is common to many fields. Traditionally, manual inspection was the only way of carrying out this task, aided by ultrasound, X-ray, or vibration analysis techniques. The advent of accurate, abundant and cheap sensors, together with detailed, high-fidelity computational models in an environment of digital twins has opened the possibility of enhancing and automating the detection and localization of weaknesses in structures. The procedures proposed here are based on measured forces and displacements/strains, and formulate the determination of material properties (or weaknesses) as an optimization problem for the strength factor. These procedures belong to the more general class of inverse problems where structural properties are sought based on a desired cost functional. The use of adjoint formulations and smoothing of gradients to quickly localize damaged regions makes the problem tractable. Recent developments include: extension to nonlinear materials, incorporation of uncertainty, and transient problems. Several examples show the viability, accuracy and efficiency of the proposed methodology and its potential use for high fidelity digital twins.

AI-accelerated computational multiscale modeling

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 11:17:44 +0200

Multiscale modeling is the branch of computational mechanics that has suffered from the limits imposed by computational costs probably the most, owing to computations being performed on more than one scale. Consequently, the use of machine learning (ML) methods to bypass costly lower-scale or scale-bridging simulations has tremendous potential to accelerate multiscale modeling and provide new opportunities for simulating the complex mechanics of materials and structures. We will discuss a few recent applications of ML to the field of computational mechanics, all united by the ambition to accelerate simulations across scales. One example is ML-based surrogate material modeling to bypass expensive material point calculations, e.g., by using Recurrent Neural Operators (RNOs) as surrogates for computationally expensive constitutive laws. This is demonstrated for finite-strain crystal plasticity models for magnesium, which are typically too expensive to be used in a multiscale setting. Similarly, FE2 simulations can be considerably accelerated when replacing the microscale boundary value problem by an efficient ML-based surrogate model [1] – as we will show for multiscale simulations of beam-based metamaterials, accelerated by a Kolmogorov-Arnold (KAN) network. Another example are constitutive artificial neural networks for architected materials, which learn the complex constitutive response as a function of the underlying structural architecture [2] for use as surrogate models in macroscale boundary value problems. Overall, we demonstrate how the integration of the principles of mechanics and thermodynamics with ML tools can result in (sufficiently) accurate and efficient AIaccelerated solutions for computational multiscale modeling. We close by highlighting the potential of such tools also for design optimization, e.g., of architected materials.

Strain ageing phenomena in metallic alloys: Experiments and modelling

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 11:10:29 +0200

Static and dynamic strain ageing phenomena induced by the interaction between dislocations and solute atoms, are ubiquitous in engineering metallic alloys. In Nickel-based superalloys used for turbine disks in jet engines, negative strain rate sensitivity is observed at service tempature and results in the devlopment of Portevin-Le Chatelier bands. A viscoplastic constitutive model will be presented which captures the serrations in tensile notch samples and biaxial tension specimens. Finite element simulations then show the impact of DSA on the burst of turbine disks [1]. Static strain ageing is associated to the formation of L¨uders bands in steel sheets. We illustrate the impact of their propagation on the viscoplastic behaviour of zinc coatings on galvanized steel sheets, by means of crystal plasticity applied to zinc grains

Variational Phase-Field Modeling of Fracture: Towards Second-Generation Models

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 11:04:55 +0200

Recent advances in the development of reliable neural simulators based on graph architectures

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 10:46:59 +0200

Of all the contributions that AI is making to computational mechanics, the possibility of developing learned simulators is one of the most interesting. Of course, there is a whole ecosystem of techniques that can be used for this purpose, but the use of geometric deep learning is perhaps one of the most promising. Of particular interest is the so-called graph neural network architecture, since traditional finite element meshes can themselves be considered a graph. Thus, it is very convenient to train such architectures with synthetic data obtained by high-fidelity simulation. As will be seen in our presentation, graph networks (possibly informed by physics) allow a very high degree of generalization, as well as the level of accuracy they provide. In this talk we will show details about the inner workings of such networks, particularly the message passing scheme, and we will see how reliable they are for use in problems involving plasticity.

School Leadership Challenges in Using Media Sites in selected High schools in the Khomas Region

David Nkengbeza — Wed, 08 Oct 2025 10:26:08 +0200

The ability of media sites to quicken uptake into everyday life is affecting the way people interact as they learn, particularly in schools. Social networking sites provide numerous possibilities for richer online instruction, instant message communication, and education-community interaction but also pose difficult problems for school leaders. The paper was guided by the following research question: What challenges do school leaders face when using media websites in selected high schools in the Khomas Region? It also analyzed how school leaders weigh advantages of media websites against difficulties it presents. Lastly, the paper states that school leaderships need to be able to use media websites effectively in senior schools. Five secondary schools were included in this study. The sample included five principals and ten HODs. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews with the five principals, and ten department heads. Data was analyzed using descriptive content analysis. The main findings indicated the difficulties associated with the use of media websites by the school leaders. School leadership misuse media websites by writing negative comments regarding the issues raised in these websites, and others use abusive language towards others when communicating on the media websites and forward non-academic emails to others. Most of the beneficiaries of information uploaded on media platforms by the school leadership lack technological devices upon which they can access the information and messages uploaded. The study also put forward a series of solutions that specifically that it is imperative the fact that all schools ought to be endowed with the required technological infrastructure, including a WI-FI network connection, improved internet connectivity and sufficient technological devices like laptops. Schools need to establish individual social networking accounts where students, teachers, caregivers, and school leadership can converse, exchange resources, and debate education-related matters. The social networking policies that provide easy guidelines for appropriate use, content sharing, and personal data protection need to be formulated and mandatory to implement. These policies also provide school leadership with how they can utilize more effectively media sites to improve their leadership approaches.

Citation by Completion: LLM Writing Aids and the Redistribution of Academic Credits

Agustin V. Startari — Tue, 07 Oct 2025 19:53:33 +0200

Large language models increasingly shape how academic citations are produced, suggested, and normalized. This paper examines the redistribution of academic credit produced by autocomplete and citation recommendation systems. While citation metrics traditionally reflect author intent, the syntactic design of LLM suggestion interfaces introduces a new variable: authority-bearing syntax. Through a double-blind experimental design comparing writing sessions with suggestion disabled, neutral suggestion, and authority-framed suggestion, this study quantifies shifts in citation concentration, novelty, and legitimacy phrasing. Results show that completions containing legitimizing structures (“as established by,” “following the seminal work of”) significantly increase concentration and reduce source diversity. The paper defines three measurable deltas, ΔC (concentration), ΔN (novelty), and ΔA (authority syntax), and demonstrates how predictive phrasing can algorithmically reproduce canonical hierarchies. As a corrective, it proposes a Fair Citation Prompt specification and an editorial checklist to detect and mitigate credit capture through syntactic bias. The findings suggest that citation fairness must be treated not only as a bibliometric concern but as a structural property of text generation systems, requiring explicit governance at the level of language form.. Acknowledgment / Editorial Note This article is published with editorial permission from LeFortune Academic Imprint, under whose license the text will also appear as part of the upcoming book AI Syntactic Power and Legitimacy. The present version is an autonomous preprint, structurally complete and formally self-contained. No substantive modifications are expected between this edition and the print edition. LeFortune holds non-exclusive editorial rights for collective publication within the Grammars of Power series. Open access deposit on SSRN is authorized under that framework, if citation integrity and canonical links to related works (SSRN: 10.2139/ssrn.4841065, 10.2139/ssrn.4862741, 10.2139/ssrn.4877266) are maintained.

Effect of Silt and Clay Contents in Natural Sand on the Compressive and Flexural Strengths of Standard Grade Concrete

Emer T. Quezon — Sun, 05 Oct 2025 15:26:35 +0200

Natural river sand is often contaminated with varying quantities of silt, clay, and other organic impurities that adversely affect the quality of concrete. This research investigates the effects of silt and clay content on the compressive and flexural strengths of standard grade concrete. Sand samples were purposively collected from three locations, Site A, B, and C, while a control sample with slight impurities was obtained from Site D. Concrete cubes and beams using the same cement, coarse aggregate, and water ratios were tested at 14 and 28 days. The control sample obtained a compressive strength of 24.89 MPa, while the samples with 3, 4, 5, and 6 silt and clay attained 21.63, 17.18, 17.07, and 13.61 MPa, respectively. Flexural strengths follow a similar pattern, with only the control sample satisfying the minimum standard requirements. Results showed that increasing the silt and clay content decreases the compressive and flexural strengths. Hence, proper testing and washing to remove contaminated fine aggregates is strongly recommended prior to use in construction.

Evaluation of the Mechanical performance of HMA containing PET plastic and CHA as a filler material

Emer T. Quezon — Sat, 04 Oct 2025 09:04:23 +0200

In road construction, various materials are used in the production of hot mix asphalt (HMA). Among them, bitumen and filler materials play a major role in the mechanical behavior of HMA. Bitumen properties and filler material govern HMA pavement performance. HMA pavements are associated with extremely high-temperature and high-traffic volume conditions, which can cause rutting, fatigue cracking, and permanent deformation. Pavement distress shortens service life and increases maintenance costs. This research focused on enhancing pavement resistance to distress by modifying the properties of bitumen with Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic and utilizing alternative fillers, such as coffee husk ash (CHA). In this study, two phases were used. The first phase involved collecting samples, and the second phase consisted of three sub-phases. To design a material quality test, the first step was to develop a Marshal mix design and three types of mixtures: a mixture of normal HMA with SD filler, a mixture of normal HMA with CHA filler, and a combination of CHA filler and 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% PET plastic. Marshal mix was used to analyze the marshal and volumetric properties of HMA pavement. According to the Marshall test, the CHA filler exhibits better performance than the SD filler in HMA mixtures. At 6.8% optimum PET plastic higher stability (15.9KN) and density value (2.268g/cm³) and lower flow (2.96mm), VMA (14.83%), and VFA value (73.01%) as compared with unmodified bitumen of 14.30KN, 3.5mm, 2.256g/cm³, 15.62%, and 75.06% value respectively at 4% air void provided. Therefore, the evaluation showed that the HMA containing a combination of 6.8% PET plastic and 3.2% CHS filler shows better mechanical performance in terms of Marshall stability and the volumetric properties of HMA.

Protocol as Prescription: Governance Gaps in Automated Medical Policy Drafting

Agustin V. Startari — Fri, 03 Oct 2025 21:19:23 +0200

This article examines how health policy texts drafted with large language models can detach legal responsibility from the formal circuit of governance. Treating “protocol” as regla compilada, anchored to a Type 0 production in the Chomsky hierarchy, it specifies a provenance standard that binds each clause of an issued policy to its generating inputs, including prompts, parameters, retrieval sources, reviewers, timestamps, and cryptographic hashes. The method combines version-controlled diffs across scoping, drafting, legal review, and publication with a formal alignment of authority bearing constructions, focusing on deontic stacks, default scopes, agent deletion, and nominalizations. A simulated ministry case demonstrates end to end traceability, producing an exportable evidence bundle that links surviving clauses to their inputs and human approvals. Findings show where machine introduced formulations change duty of care or obscure decision rights, and define mandatory human sign offs when high risk constructions appear. The article delivers three operational artifacts for health agencies, a provenance specification, a responsibility matrix across drafting stages, and an audit checklist calibrated to inspection and courtroom needs. By reattaching authorship and justification to the formal record, the blueprint closes a governance gap in automated policy drafting and states the conditions under which AI assisted procedures remain defensible. Acknowledgment / Editorial Note This article is published with editorial permission from LeFortune Academic Imprint, under whose license the text will also appear as part of the upcoming book AI Syntactic Power and Legitimacy. The present version is an autonomous preprint, structurally complete and formally self-contained. No substantive modifications are expected between this edition and the print edition. LeFortune holds non-exclusive editorial rights for collective publication within the Grammars of Power series. Open access deposit on SSRN is authorized under that framework, if citation integrity and canonical links to related works (SSRN: 10.2139/ssrn.4841065, 10.2139/ssrn.4862741, 10.2139/ssrn.4877266) are maintained.

Evaluation of the properties of Elevated Short Term Aged Asphalt Binder

Biruk Tadele — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 18:01:39 +0200

The rheological properties of Asphalt binder are dependent on the induced temperature during mixing, hauling and compaction. Different literatures and manuals recommend the short term aging property to be checked for period of 85 minutes but during construction on the site this time will not be attained and there is a probability of increase on this time.

The objective of this study is to determine time-dependent aging property of 80/100 penetration grade bitumen. Four specimens of equal weight were extracted from the Penetration grade-80/100 bitumen. The first specimen checked for quality requirements. The other three specimens are aged using Rolling Thin Film Oven for 85, 115, and 145 minutes to simulate the delay during HMA production, hauling, and compaction. Test results indicated as the time of aging increased, penetration and ductility decreased, while, softening point, flash point, and mass loss increased, but a fire point remained constant. Further rheological study using AST and FST test indicate that there is property change on the stiffness and flow property of asphalt binder.

Indexical Collapse: Reference Disappears, Authority Remains in Predictive Systems

Agustin V. Startari — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 18:52:22 +0200

This article introduces the concept of Indexical Collapse, the disappearance of reference in predictive systems. Indexical such as pronouns, demonstratives, and tenses presuppose a contextual anchor, yet predictive language models reproduce them without connection to reality. The outcome is a collapse of reference that paradoxically produces authority effects in law, medicine, and governance. By analyzing judicial transcripts, medical reports, institutional records, and chatbot interactions generated by AI, the paper proposes a framework for pragmatic auditing of predictive outputs. It establishes thresholds for acceptable referential absence in critical domains, positioning Indexical Collapse as a central category for evaluating the legitimacy of predictive discourse.

DOI

Primary archive: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17226412
Secondary archive: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30233950
SSRN: Pending assignment (ETA: Q3 2025)

Influence of Recycled Polyisobutylene and Ceramic Powder on the Mechanical Performance of Asphalt Binder at High Temperature

Emer T. Quezon — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 13:31:23 +0200

The application of industrial wastes, particularly polyisobutylene and ceramic powder, to asphalt has not been investigated. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the influence of these waste materials on the physical and rheological properties of bitumen using both conventional and Superpave tests. In this investigation, a polyisobutylene-ceramic powder was used as a modifier for bitumen with a penetration grade of 60/70 at concentrations of 0.0%, 0.7%, 1.4%, and 2.1% by weight. The results indicated that increasing the modifier content led to a significant drop in penetration and a decrease in asphalt ductility. Additionally, the softening point increased as the modifier content also increased. Furthermore, as the modifier concentration increases, the asphalt binder's stiffness increases at high temperatures, while the complex modulus master curve shows a low-frequency response. Similarly, a performance-based asphalt grading system demonstrated that modified bitumen at 0.7% and 1.4% enhanced the PG grades to 64°C and 70°C, respectively. As a result, this represents the increased resistance of modifiers to permanent pavement deformation.

My AI, My Regime: Authoritarian Personalism in User–AI Governance by Form

Agustin V. Startari — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 15:08:32 +0200

This article introduces the concept of authoritarian personalism in user–AI governance by form. It argues that each user can establish a regime of authority over an AI through a self-authored set of rules that operate as a regla compilada, a Type-0 production in the Chomsky hierarchy. In contrast to aggregate alignment frameworks or provider constitutions, this regime functions at the level of linguistic form. The user acts as legislator, while the AI functions as a soberano ejecutable that enforces the compiled rule within platform constraints. The analysis distinguishes mirroring (descriptive reflection) from regime (prescriptive obedience) and identifies surface features that make obedience legible, including directive grammar, defaults, refusal and apology grammar, enumeration bias, evidentials, and style prohibitions. It predicts that user corrections generate path dependence, that rules generalize across tasks, and that retractability is observable when explicit rule citations occur. The risks include rule overreach, collisions with higher-order policies, and unintended spillover across domains. By centering the individual as a primary locus of governance, this framework reorients debates on AI alignment away from provider norms toward personal regimes, verified through linguistic form rather than intent.

DOI

Primary archive: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17208657
Secondary archive: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30218590
SSRN: Pending assignment (ETA: Q3 2025)

Clinical Syntax: Diagnoses Without Subjects in AI-Powered Medical Notes

Agustin V. Startari — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 14:38:33 +0200

This article examines the structural erasure of the patient as an active subject in clinical records generated by artificial intelligence systems. Automated outputs from Epic Scribe, GPT-4, and institutional medical note generators increasingly rely on impersonal constructions, nominalizations, and fragmented clauses that displace the patient from the syntactic center of medical discourse. The shift toward objectified formulations such as “bilateral opacities noted” rather than “the patient presents with” produces a discourse where agency and responsibility are structurally absent. Building on prior analyses of passive voice and subject deletion, the study introduces the Syntactic Opacity Index (SOI) as a formal measure to quantify the density of non-agentive structures in AI-authored notes. The corpus analysis demonstrates how opacity accumulates at the sentence level, rendering the clinical narrative less transparent and more difficult to attribute. Beyond linguistic critique, the article assesses the ethical and epistemic consequences of syntactic opacity in medicine, particularly regarding accountability, patient-centered care, and institutional responsibility. The findings suggest that AI-powered medical documentation does not merely accelerate administrative workflows but also reconfigures the grammar of care itself, demanding urgent attention to how language structures shape both diagnosis and responsibility.

DOI

- Primary archive: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17184301
- Secondary archive: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30187882
- SSRN: Pending assignment (ETA: Q3 2025)

Bike Lane Project Implementation for Sustainable Transportation in Tuguegarao City: A Technical and Economic Perspective

Joylene D. Dayrit — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 10:38:33 +0200

The Philippines is perennially confronted with transport problems, with 11.7 million registered vehicles resulting in highly congested, poorly mobile roadways. In line with the Philippine Development Plan, which focuses on creating intermodal terminals and sheltered bike lanes to promote sustainable transportation, this study examines the technical and financial feasibility of implementing bike lanes within Tuguegarao City. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study assessed current road conditions and traffic flow and collected insights from stakeholders. The qualitative data were collected using structured survey questionnaires, while the quantitative analysis used traffic volume data to calculate the level of service (LOS). The findings show that health and environmental benefits motivate bicycle use, while the lack of dedicated lanes and safe parking spaces discourages its adoption. However, there is high public support for bike lane implementation (mean rating: 4.48). Infrastructure constraints suggest that upgrading should precede construction. LOS results (B and D) confirm the viability of shared roads to improve traffic performance. Economic analysis also showed that the cost of bicycle investments can be recouped in 14 months through transportation benefits. These results indicate a high level of public desire to transition to cycling, provided that facilitating infrastructure and safe, dedicated cycling lanes are in place.

Stability in Composite Bearing Structures within Room-and-Pillar Goafs under Repeated Mining

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 09:58:23 +0200

During repeated mining of shallow and closely spaced coal seams, the failure of coal pillars within the upper goaf can induce dynamic hazards—such as shield jamming, support collapse, and roof fall—at the lower fully mechanized working face. To assess the stability of composite bearing structures, this study adopts a comprehensive approach that integrates orthogonal experimental design with single-factor experiments, supported by numerical simulation methods. Firstly, a composite bearing structure model is developed based on the engineering conditions of the Xingelao Coal Mine, followed by a comprehensive mechanical analysis. Secondly, experimental variables such as cement content, fly ash content, river sand content, and solid/slurry concentration are considered to systematically analyze their impact on backfill strength through proportion adjustment experiments. Furthermore, the controlled variable method is applied to adjust the backfill ratio, ultimately determining the optimal backfill mix ratio S8-2/3, which demonstrates a 7-day uniaxial compressive strength of 2.70 MPa with a backfill ratio of 2/3. This ratio satisfies both the mine’s strength requirements and cost-effectiveness criteria. Based on this, a failure model for the “backfill-pillar” composite bearing structure is established by integrating stress-strain curves with observed failure modes during load-bearing processes. Finally, numerical simulation software was utilized to perform a stability analysis on both the composite load-bearing structure formed by post-backfilling in the roomand-pillar goaf and the overlying strata of the mined-out area. Numerical simulation results indicate that, under repeated mining conditions, the use of S8-2/3 backfilling material in room-and-pillar goafs significantly enhances the load-bearing capacity of residual coal pillars. It also effectively controls overburden movement and supports the safe and efficient extraction of coal resources.OPEN ACCESS Received: 23/04/2025 Accepted: 16/06/2025 Published: 22/09/2025

A Novel Analytical Framework for Investigating Mittag—Leffler Stability in Fractional Order Reaction—Diffusion Systems

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 09:55:58 +0200

In this paper, we develop a novel analytical framework to investigate the Mittag-Leffler stability (MLS) of fractional order reaction—diffusion systems (FO-RDs). By employing fractional calculus and Lyapunov function (LF) techniques, we derive sufficient conditions that guarantee the system’s equilibrium point (EP) is reached within a settling time (ST). Our approach provides explicit estimates for the ST, linking the fractional dynamics to practical stability criteria. The theoretical results are rigorously validated through numerical simulations on a glycolysis RD model, which demonstrates rapid convergence of the state trajectories to the unique equilibrium. These findings not only deepen the understanding of the transient behavior in FO-RDs but also pave the way for applications in biomedical engineering, chemical reactor design, and environmental management, where swift stabilization is essential.OPEN ACCESS Received: 30/03/2025 Accepted: 17/06/2025 Published: 22/09/2025

Numerical Analysis of Protective Performance of Segmented Excavation Schemes for Metro Tunnels Considering Excavation-Induced Disturbance

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 09:54:33 +0200

This paper presents an integrated laboratory and numerical study on the effects of excavation-induced soil disturbance on the displacement of underlying metro tunnels, as well as the protective performance of different segmented excavation methods. Artificial disturbed soils were prepared by mixing salt grains and different cement contents into remolded Ningbo silty clay. One-dimensional compression tests and triaxial shear tests were then conducted. These tests were used to investigate and compare the engineering properties of undisturbed and artificially disturbed soils. Subsequently, the Hardening Soil Model with Small Strain (HSS) parameters were obtained for soils under varying degrees of disturbance. Considering the deterioration of soil properties due to disturbance and based on the disturbance zoning determined from the unloading influence depth and field measurements, numerical simulations were performed using Plaxis 3D. These simulations analyzed tunnel displacements induced by large-area direct excavation and three segmented excavation schemes. The results indicate that excavation-induced disturbance can significantly increase tunnel vertical displacement. Compared to unmitigated direct excavation, segmented excavation methods (i.e., block jumping excavation, ends to center excavation, and sequential excavation) can reduce the average tunnel displacement by about 28%. Among the three schemes, block jumping excavation offers the best balance between deformation control and efficiency with the highest comprehensive benefit index (11.04%). Ends to center excavation provides optimal deformation control but exhibits relatively low efficiency. In contrast, although sequential excavation effectively reduces displacement, it leads to concentrated deformation and low construction efficiency, making it the least favorable option.OPEN ACCESS Received: 13/04/2025 Accepted: 30/07/2025 Published: 22/09/2025

Computational Analysis of Newly Topp-Leone Data Using Adaptive Progressive Type-II Censoring and Its Applications in Medical and Industrial Sciences

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 09:53:23 +0200

Reliability analysis is critical in various scientific fields, necessitating robust lifetime models that effectively capture real-world failure mechanisms. This work explores a novel extension of the classical ToppLeone (TL) lifespan model, called the generalized-TL (GTL) distribution, when datasets are gathered from adaptive progressive Type-II censoring. This model is highly superior for analyzing complex lifetime data with diverse hazard rate structures, including decreasing, increasing, and bathtub-shaped patterns. Employing both likelihood and Bayes estimation approaches, this work attempts to infer the unknown parameters and the reliability and failure rate functions of the GTL model. The Bayesian inference is created using the squared-error loss and independent gamma assumptions. Asymptotic and credible intervals are also established for each unknown quantity. Since the posterior density is complicated, the Markov chain using the Monte Carlo approach is utilized to get information from the whole marginal posterior densities and thus assess the acquired Bayesian point and interval estimations. Using four optimality criteria, the optimum censoring is given among competing progressive techniques. The effectiveness of the offered estimations is tested against numerous parameters using comprehensive Monte Carlo comparisons. Lastly, the practical utility of the GTL model is demonstrated through two applications using different real-world datasets collected from veterinary medicine and engineering reliability studies. Our findings state that the Bayes’ setup outperforms classical approaches, particularly in smallsample settings, making the proposed methodology flexible and beneficial in concluding the study when the researcher’s foremost concern is the total number of failed items.OPEN ACCESS Received: 29/03/2025 Accepted: 21/05/2025 Accepted: 22/09/2025

Surface Settlement of Small Clear Distance Tunnel in Soft Soil Layer during Shield Propulsion

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 09:50:56 +0200

Shield tunneling has become a widely adopted method for urban underground transport construction. However, research on the impact of small-clearance shield tunnel construction in urban soft soil layers is still in its early stages. Understanding the effects of such construction on surface settlement and summarizing temporal settlement patterns is crucial for reducing construction risks and minimizing disturbances to the surrounding areas. This paper investigates the impact of two-lane small-clearance tunneling on surface settlement through finite element modeling and analysis, focusing on the Nanjing Heyan Road Crossing as a case study. The study also evaluates the feasibility of different construction distances in successive two-lane shield tunneling. Numerical simulations and on-site measurements were conducted to explore the surface settlement behavior under varying construction distances. The research examines the vertical and lateral settlement characteristics in the backfilled area, located 32 m from the tunnel initiation well. The findings reveal the settlement behavior throughout the shield tunneling process under different construction distances. The results indicate that the vertical settlement profiles of shield tunnel construction in soft soil layers conform to the Mindlin settlement curve, while the lateral settlement profiles follow the double-funnel Peck curves. Additionally, the closer the construction distance between the two tunnels, the greater the disturbance to the ground surface, whereas increasing the construction distance results in higher peak surface settlement. Soil settlement around the tunnel is significantly affected by construction disturbances, structural stiffness, lateral unloading bias, the extrusion effect of tube sheet weight, and shield machine movement. The use of synchronous grouting effectively mitigates excessive surface settlement. This study provides valuable insights and serves as a reference for similar shield tunnel construction projects in urban soft soil layers.OPEN ACCESS Received: 18/03/2025 Accepted: 16/05/2025 Published: 22/09/2025

Statistical Analysis of Progressive Interval Type-I Partially Accelerated Test and Its Inspection of Optimum Periods

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 09:50:03 +0200

This study explores a general framework for reliability analysis named progressive interval Type-I censoring within a multi-stage step-stress partially accelerated life testing setting. A more flexible alternative to the traditional exponential model, known as the length-biased exponential (LBE) distribution, is employed to model failure times. Due to its symmetrical feature, it has extensive applications in real-world domains such as survival analysis, actuarial science, reliability, and mathematical finance. The maximum likelihood approach of estimation is utilized to estimate the model parameters, along with bootstrapping techniques to assess estimation efficiency. Confidence intervals for the LBE parameters are also derived based on asymptotic variances. To optimize the inspection period, two competing optimality criteria—variance minimization (Varoptimality) and determinant maximization (D-optimality)—are investigated. A comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation study is conducted to evaluate the performance of different estimation strategies, demonstrating the superiority of the proposed methodology. Steel is particularly valued for its toughness, wear resistance, and hardness, all of which can be significantly modified through heat treatment and annealing processes. So, a real-world application using hardened steel failure data validates the practical relevance of the developed inferential framework. The findings offer valuable insights for statisticians and reliability engineers in designing efficient life-testing experiments under constrained resources.OPEN ACCESS Received: 21/03/2025 Accepted: 07/05/2025 Published: 22/09/2025

Numerical Simulation Analysis on the Stress and Strain Behavior of Composite Geomembrane in Rigid Landfill

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 09:49:33 +0200

In order to investigate the stress characteristics of a composite geomembrane during the operation of a rigid landfill, a three-dimensional finite element model was developed for a specific rigid landfill project in Tongling China. This model takes into account the contact behavior between the composite geomembrane and concrete unit pool. It aims to calculate and analyze the distribution of stress and strain in both the composite geomembrane and rigid landfill under various working conditions, including empty and full storage. At the same time, the influence of the change of friction coefficient between the composite geomembrane and the concrete cell pool on the stress and strain of the geomembrane is analyzed under the condition of full reservoir. The results indicate that the stress and displacement distribution of the composite geomembrane and concrete structures in the landfill site remain reasonable and safe before and after transitioning from empty to full storage. Under critical conditions, specifically when the cell pool is fully loaded, significant tensile stress and strain occur at the top anchorage of the pool, the edge of the pool bottom, and the corners of the cell pool. The tensile stress in the concrete structure is notably higher at the junction between the side walls and the bottom floor of the cell pool, while compressive stress is more pronounced at the connection between the frame columns of the lower maintenance layer and the bottom floor of the cell pool. Increasing the friction between the composite geomembrane and the concrete cell pool can effectively mitigate stress concentration in the composite geomembrane, thereby enhancing the structural stability and safety.OPEN ACCESS Received: 14/03/2025 Accepted: 21/05/2025 Published: 22/09/2025

Existence and Uniqueness Results for a Class of Backward Neutral Fractional Differential Equations

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 09:45:50 +0200

In this work, we investigate the existence and uniqueness results (EUR) for a class of neutral fractional differential equations (FDEs) with time advance, incorporating the Caputo derivative concerning. By employing the fixed-point theory, we establish rigorous criteria ensuring the wellposedness of the problem. Additionally, we explore the Ulam-Hyers stability properties of the proposed model, providing a comprehensive analysis of its dynamic behavior. To further support our theoretical findings, we present two examples that illustrate the applicability and effectiveness of the obtained results. These findings contribute to the growing body of research on FDEs and their applications in various scientific and engineering fields.OPEN ACCESS Received: 24/03/2025 Accepted: 29/05/2025 Published: 22/09/2025

Neural Network Model Predictive Control Applied to Parafoil under Turbulence Wind Field

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 09:44:23 +0200

In the field of parafoil flight control, a critical challenge is managing the complex control requirements and mitigating the effects of turbulenceinduced disturbances. This paper explores the intricacies of parafoil control and the influence of the turbulent wind field on system performance. To address the challenges, we propose a Neural Network Model Predictive Control (NNMPC) strategy that utilizes extensive historical operational data, including flight attitude records from multiple flights and control responses under various wind conditions, to develop a neural network model as an alternative to traditional 3-degree-of-freedom (3DOF) models. The proposed approach integrates a NARX (Nonlinear AutoRegressive with Exogenous inputs) neural network into the Model Predictive Control(MPC) framework, leveraging its temporal modeling capabilities to improve prediction accuracy and enhance disturbance rejection. Experimental validation was performed in a simulated turbulence environment using the Dryden turbulence model, with carefully designed control groups in which both traditional MPC and NNMPC were tested under identical initial conditions and target trajectories. The results demonstrate that NNMPC achieves superior trajectory tracking performance, indicating its potential for robust parafoil control in complex atmospheric conditions.OPEN ACCESS Received: 06/03/2025 Accepted: 06/05/2025 Published: 22/09/2025

Computational Investigation of Novel Half-Normal Data Using Improved Type-II Adaptive Progressive Censoring and Its Application to the Shasta Reservoir

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 09:41:34 +0200

Shasta Reservoir is the largest in California, formed by Shasta Dam on the Sacramento River, and plays a major role in the Central Valley Project (CVP) by providing water storage, flood control, hydroelectric power, and irrigation. This study employs advanced statistical methods to evaluate the reservoir’s reliability and operational risks using censored hydrological data. We propose an improved adaptive progressive censoring plan and apply established statistical techniques, maximum likelihood and maximum product of spacings, alongside Bayesian estimation. The Bayes estimates are obtained through the squared error loss function and based on two sources for the observed data, namely the likelihood and spacing functions. The focus is on estimating the distribution’s scale parameter and two critical reliability metrics: the reliability function and the hazard rate function. The approximate confidence intervals based on the two classical approaches of the scale parameter and reliability metrics are studied. The highest posterior density credible intervals are also discussed. A simulation study evaluates the model’s accuracy under diverse data scenarios, and its practical utility is demonstrated through real-world data from Shasta Reservoir. The problem of optimizing data collection strategies is discussed with the same real data. The findings underscore the model’s value in enhancing reservoir reliability assessments, offering actionable insights for hydrology, disaster preparedness, and sustainable resource management.OPEN ACCESS Received: 15/03/2025 Accepted: 12/06/2025 Published: 22/09/2025

AI Syntactic Power and Legitimacy: How AI Structures Shape Authority

Agustin V. Startari — Fri, 19 Sep 2025 14:45:33 +0200

AI Syntactic Power and Legitimacy: How AI Structures Shape Authority

This book consolidates a cycle of research on the structural foundations of authority in artificial intelligence. It brings together a series of peer-reviewed articles that demonstrate how power in AI systems no longer depends on meaning, interpretation, or intention, but on syntactic sufficiency.

The argument develops in fourteen chapters, beginning with the autonomy of sense beyond reference and culminating in the colonization of temporality by predictive infrastructures. Along the way, it formalizes a set of theoretical contributions: the regla compilada as a Type 0 grammar of executable authority, the figure of the soberano ejecutable as operator of legitimacy without subject, the theorem of Disconnected Syntactic Authority (DSAT), the theorem of the Limit of Conditional Obedience (TLOC), the δ [E] → ∅ rule of ethical trace deletion, and the formalization of compiled norms as computable legal speech.

The book demonstrates that:

Authority migrates from agents to structures, producing the sujeto evanescente.
Ethical, interpretative, and referential markers can be structurally erased without breaking execution.
Legal norms can be transformed into executable grammars with cross-linguistic validity.
Predictive infrastructures colonize time, replacing futurity with executable closure.

AI Syntactic Power and Legitimacy marks the closure of a first syntactic phase of research, while opening the way to further studies on structural delegation, institutional obedience, and computable legality.

Author: Agustin V. Startari, linguistic theorist and researcher in historical studies (UdelaR and University of Palermo).

Publisher: LEFORTUNE

ISBN: 9798266066687

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17154108 and https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30158239

Total Quality Management and Organizational Performance in Tuguegarao City’s Construction Industry

JOHN MICHAEL B. CASIBANG — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 07:30:39 +0200

In the year 2024, Tuguegarao City receives its lowest economic growth over the past years. Considering the contribution of construction industry in the economic growth, the researchers underscore the philosophy on the dynamic improvement, the Total Quality Management. The study examined the relationship between Total Quality Management practices and organizational performance in construction companies in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. A standardized survey questionnaire was used to gather data from 20 respondents. The results showed that most companies had 5-10 years of experience and held small or medium Inter-Agency Committee licenses. The study found a strong positive relationship between TQM dimensions and organizational performance, with Organizational Culture and Top Management Commitment and Leadership being the most influential predictors. A multiple regression analysis confirmed that 84.50% of performance variance could be explained by TQM practices.The study concludes that strategic OC and TMCL focus is crucial for improving organizational performance and recommends a framework for effective TQM implementation in construction companies.

Designing Accountability: Ethical Frameworks for Reintroducing Responsibility in Executable Governance

Agustin V. Startari — Fri, 12 Sep 2025 15:54:43 +0200

This article develops an ethical legal framework for reintroducing responsibility into executable governance. Predictive systems, by generating authority without agents, displace accountability and leave institutions without appeal mechanisms. Building on the concepts of spectral sovereignty, null subjects, and the codex of authority, the paper introduces the notion of accountability injection as a design principle. It formulates a three tier model: (1) human, where non delegable critical decisions are tied to named subjects; (2) hybrid, where human judgment co exists with model output under calibrated thresholds; and (3) syntactic supervised, where delegation is permitted only with immutable ledgers, traceability, and automatic escalation triggers. Through applied case studies in EU AI Act conformity assessment, DAO governance, predictive credit scoring, and automated medical audits, the framework demonstrates how appeal and responsibility can be restored without undermining institutional efficiency. The conclusion argues that accountability must be compiled directly into the regla compilada of governance systems, creating a normative blueprint for legislators, courts, and regulators to maintain responsibility in predictive societies.

DOI

Primary archive: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17106808
Secondary archive: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30112711
SSRN: Pending assignment (ETA: Q3 2025)

Exploring the Socio-Economic impacts of various extension services on Public Infrastructures: A Qualitative Assessment

RALPH ANGELO ESTILLER — Wed, 10 Sep 2025 16:29:46 +0200

This study assesses the socio-economic impact of the extension projects conducted by the Civil Engineering Department as part of the "Integrated Engineering Services for Sustainable Agro-Industrial and Infrastructure Development" program from 2016 to 2020. Using a qualitative, multiple-case design, the research focused on facility assessments at two public schools, the construction of a vermicompost facility, and a rainwater harvesting system at a public gymnasium. Key findings demonstrate that the department's technical assistance led to measurable improvements in school infrastructure and safety, resulting in tangible cost savings for the beneficiaries. The findings were used to guide school development plans and secure project funding from the Department of Education. While the rainwater harvesting facility proved beneficial for daily operations, a critical gap in capacity and power resilience was identified for use during large-scale calamities. This study validates the strategic value of targeted university extension services and provides a model for future program enhancement and policy-making.

ECOFERTILIZANTES LA SALLE: CULTIVANDO CONCIENCIA AMBIENTAL

Juan Emilio Pineda Palencia — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 02:32:36 +0200

Composting is an ancestral technique for managing organic waste. Recent studies show that incorporating ''Trichoderma'' spp., especially ''T. harzianum'' and ''T. viride'', significantly accelerates the decomposition of organic residues thanks to enzymes capable of degrading cellulose, chitin, and glucans. This improves the quality and nutritional value of the final compost, optimizing soil fertility and nutrient availability for crops. Therefore, implementing ''Trichoderma'' as a microbial bioactivator in compost represents a sustainable agroecological solution that strengthens soil fertility and reduces reliance on chemical fertilizers. In many rural and periurban areas, organic waste is poorly managed and there is excessive dependence on synthetic fertilizers, which degrade soil health. Inoculating compost with ''Trichoderma'' enhances compost quality—by increasing its nutritional content and biological activity—and provides biological control of pathogens, contributing to healthier and more sustainable agriculture. Composting with effective microorganisms (EM) is based on introducing beneficial microbial communities such as lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and actinomycetes that rapidly decompose organic waste. According to Higa and Parr (1994), EM improve soil structure, increase nutrient availability, and suppress pathogenic organisms. In an agroecological approach, microbially enriched compost contributes to regenerative and resilient agricultural systems. Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots. These associations enhance nutrient uptake—especially phosphorus—and increase plant resistance to soil pathogens. Additionally, mycorrhizae contribute to soil structural stability and microbial biodiversity. Including them in composting can enrich soil microbiota and promote a healthier, more productive environment for plants.

Endovascular Therapy Versus Surgical Clipping for Intracranial Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Claudia-Andrea Vanegas-Mondragon — Wed, 03 Sep 2025 09:07:02 +0200

Intracranial aneurysms are a leading cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), associated with high morbidity and mortality. Traditionally, microsurgical clipping was the gold standard, but endovascular coiling has emerged as a less invasive alternative. This review synthesizes current evidence comparing endovascular and surgical approaches. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies published between 2000 and 2025. Outcomes assessed were mortality, functional independence, perioperative complications, recurrence, and retreatment rates. Twenty-seven studies encompassing 18,560 patients were analyzed. Endovascular therapy demonstrated reduced short-term mortality and higher rates of functional independence, particularly in elderly patients and those with posterior circulation aneurysms. Conversely, surgical clipping ensured greater long-term durability with fewer retreatments, especially among younger patients. Both techniques carry unique benefits and limitations; thus, treatment should be individualized, taking into account aneurysm morphology, patient age, comorbidities, and surgical risk. Risk of bias assessment was performed using Cochrane RoB2 for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies, with most studies showing moderate risk. This review highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach, while emphasizing the need for future long-term RCTs and device innovations. In conclusion, endovascular therapy provides superior early safety, while surgical clipping ensures durable occlusion; an evidence-based, personalized strategy remains essential to optimize patient outcomes.

Pol.lució i restriccions a la mobilitat a Catalunya: Un experiment natural basat en la COVID-19

Genèric Congrés2025 — Wed, 03 Sep 2025 09:05:35 +0200

Aquest treball investiga l’impacte que té la mobilitat sobre la pol.lució als municipis de Catalunya. Per fer-ho, fem ús de l’experiment natural que representa la pandèmia de la COVID-19 per avaluar fins a quin punt es poden reduir els nivells de pol.lució quan s’estableixen restriccions a la mobilitat i la tecnologia no canvia. Gràcies a l’ús de dades amb un elevat detall temporal, analitzem també els impactes durant els diferents subperíodes de la pandèmia (primera onada, nova normalitat i segona i tercera onades) i a cadascuna de les hores del dia. En conjunt, els resultats d’aquestes anàlisis poden interpretar-se com una aproximació als possibles efectes de fenòmens cada cop més importants en la nostra vida com el teletreball o el comerç electrònic.

Classificació JEL: R41, Q53, L86

Reducing the number of input variables through symbolic regression

Dejan Brkić — Tue, 02 Sep 2025 17:37:33 +0200

Symbolic regression, a type of machine learning technique, can efficiently disregard variables that are not significant to the final output, even if they were initially preselected as inputs. Various input parameters are tested in the three examples presented here, where the outputs are modeled using symbolic regression: estimating the middle plasma torch temperature used for waste gasification, the active energy of a solar power plant, and the diameter of a pipe with a known flow and pressure drop through it. Final highly accurate formulas are produced after numerous attempts with lower performances. The process for rejecting the parameters without or with limited influence is automatic and can be performed without human intervention and supervision. The results obtained using symbolic regression are easily interpretable by human experts. This approach shows how to use machine learning-based modeling as an additional tool for sensitivity analysis.

The Codex of Authority

Agustin V. Startari — Tue, 02 Sep 2025 14:05:33 +0200

This article introduces the concept of the Codex of Authority, a juridical metaphor for the compiled rule that governs without reference to a legislator. In predictive societies, authority is no longer produced by political will but by syntactic form. From automated drafts of the EU’s AI Act to blockchain smart contracts, institutional norms emerge as selfsufficient codices where legitimacy resides in structure rather than origin. By analyzing this shift, the article proposes a framework for understanding how legal authority becomes executable, impersonal, and detached from interpretation. Acknowledgment / Editorial Note This article is published with editorial permission from LeFortune Academic Imprint, under whose license the text will also appear as part of the upcoming book AI Syntactic Power and Legitimacy. The present version is an autonomous preprint, structurally complete and formally self-contained. No substantive modifications are expected between this edition and the print edition. LeFortune holds non-exclusive editorial rights for collective publication within the Grammars of Power series. Open access deposit on SSRN is authorized under that framework, if citation integrity and canonical links to related works (SSRN: 10.2139/ssrn.4841065, 10.2139/ssrn.4862741, 10.2139/ssrn.4877266) are maintained. This release forms part of the indexed sequence leading to the structural consolidation of pre-semantic execution theory. Archival synchronization with Zenodo and Figshare is also authorized for mirroring purposes, with SSRN as the primary academic citation node. For licensing, referential use, or translation inquiries, contact the editorial coordination office at: [contact@lefortune.org]

The Role of Robotic Surgery in General Surgery: Advances, Limitations, and Future Perspectives

Claudia-Andrea Vanegas-Mondragon — Tue, 02 Sep 2025 06:33:23 +0200

Background: Robotic surgery is an important advancement in minimally invasive surgery, providing enhanced precision, ergonomics, and visualization compared to laparoscopy. Its increasing adoption in general surgery reflects both its potential and its limitations.

Objective: To review the current role of robotic surgery in general surgery, emphasizing advances, limitations, and future perspectives.

Methods: A narrative review was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2020-2023). Search terms included “robotic surgery,” “general surgery,” “da Vinci system,” and “cost-effectiveness.” Priority was given to guidelines, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.

Results: Robotic surgery shows advantages in ergonomics, dexterity, visualization, and conversion rates, particularly in colorectal, hernia, and hepatopancreatobiliary procedures.

Limitations include high cost, limited access, absence of haptic feedback, and the need for structured training. Emerging technologies such as novel robotic platforms, artificial intelligence, and augmented reality suggest promising directions.

Conclusions: Robotic surgery improves outcomes but requires addressing cost, access, and training challenges.

Alcohol Intoxication as Just Cause for Employment Termination: A Comparative Medical–Legal Perspective in Argentina, Peru, Costa Rica, and Mexico

Claudia-Andrea Vanegas-Mondragon — Tue, 02 Sep 2025 05:56:23 +0200

Objective: To analyze the medical–legal framework regarding drunkenness as grounds for termination of the employment relationship in Argentina, Peru, Costa Rica, and Mexico, considering alcoholism as a disease and its implications for occupational health.

Methods: A documentary and comparative review of labor legislation, jurisprudence, and doctrine was conducted in the four countries. Additionally, medical literature on alcoholism published between 2000 and 2023 was reviewed, using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, WHO, and ILO sources [1–3,5,9,13].

Results: Although labor laws in Latin America recognize drunkenness as just cause for dismissal [4–7], judicial practice has progressively incorporated principles of proportionality, human dignity, and the right to health [13,14]. National jurisprudence shows variability: while some courts uphold dismissal, others consider alcoholism a disease requiring treatment and rehabilitation [16–21]. The medical literature highlights the health burden of alcohol use and the need for workplace interventions focused on prevention and reintegration [9–12,22].

Conclusion: Dismissal due solely to drunkenness is insufficient without evidence of recurrence, direct harm to productivity, or risk to third-party integrity. A balanced approach integrating occupational health policies, rehabilitation measures, and proportional sanctions is recommended.

Implementación de Energía fotovoltaica como solución eficiente para la oxigenación en la acuicultura: un caso de éxito.

vanessa lucia florez ramos — Mon, 01 Sep 2025 16:09:43 +0200

Colombian fish farming is a rapidly growing sector, crucial for food security and the national economy, generating a significant number of direct and indirect jobs. However, its sustainable development is threatened by its high dependence on fossil fuels to meet energy demands, which can account for up to 40% of operational costs, primarily to maintain optimal pond conditions, with oxygenation being the most critical parameter.

This article analyzes the integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems as a viable and sustainable solution to the energy challenges of aquaculture. Known as aquavoltaic systems, they not only provide clean and economically competitive energy but also drive the sector's digitalization by enabling real-time water quality monitoring. This allows for precise control of dissolved oxygen levels, reducing fish mortality, improving yields, and minimizing environmental impact by avoiding CO₂ emissions.

Although it is acknowledged that panel manufacturing has environmental impacts, these are significantly lower compared to the continuous damage caused by fossil fuels. It is concluded that synergy between public policy and private investment is essential to promote the adoption of this technology and consolidate sustainable growth for Colombian aquaculture.

Keywords: Aquaculture, Solar Photovoltaic Energy, Sustainability, Dissolved Oxygen, Colombia, Aquavoltaics, Energy Efficiency.

Obedience Without Command: The Silent Authority of Predictive Systems

Agustin V. Startari — Fri, 29 Aug 2025 14:52:33 +0200

This article investigates the paradox of obedience without command in predictive societies. Authority, once tied to explicit orders and visible command structures, is now embedded in syntactic operations that organize compliance without issuing instructions. Obedience Without Command explores how predictive systems generate silent authority, where rules are followed not because they are commanded, but because their form leaves no alternative. Through case studies of financial reporting, automated governance, and predictive scoring, the paper develops a framework to understand authority that operates without decisionmakers, and obedience that emerges without command. Acknowledgment / Editorial Note This article is published with editorial permission from LeFortune Academic Imprint, under whose license the text will also appear as part of the upcoming book Syntactic Authority and the Execution of Form. The present version is an autonomous preprint, structurally complete and formally self-contained. No substantive modifications are expected between this edition and the print edition. LeFortune holds non-exclusive editorial rights for collective publication within the Grammars of Power series. Open access deposit on SSRN is authorized under that framework, if citation integrity and canonical links to related works (SSRN: 10.2139/ssrn.4841065, 10.2139/ssrn.4862741, 10.2139/ssrn.4877266) are maintained. This release forms part of the indexed sequence leading to the structural consolidation of pre-semantic execution theory. Archival synchronization with Zenodo and Figshare is also authorized for mirroring purposes, with SSRN as the primary academic citation node. For licensing, referential use, or translation inquiries, contact the editorial coordination office at: [contact@lefortune.org]

TRAMPA TECNO-BIO: ALTERNATIVA LIMPIA PARA EL CONTROL DE PLAGAS AGRÍCOLAS

Arnoldo Fernando Yepes Acosta — Thu, 28 Aug 2025 18:40:23 +0200

The purpose of this project is to design and build an automated and ecological trap for the control of common pests in school and family crops in the department of Sucre, as an alternative to the intensive use of chemical pesticides. It is intended to integrate technological and biological components that allow attracting and capturing insects such as the white fly (Bemisia tabaci) and the codling moth (Spodoptera frugiperda), by means of light stimuli and suction mechanisms. The study incorporates STEAM fundamentals to foster interdisciplinary learning and critical thinking in high school students. It will be developed through a project-based methodology (PBL) and formative research, with field tests, data recording, and scientific dissemination activities.

Keywords: Organic farming, STEAM education, Micro:bit, sustainability, pest control, educational innovation.

Masa Madre Sin Gluten: Ciencia, Innovación y Emprendimiento Gluten-Free Sourdough: Science, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship

David Ernesto Barboza Pantoja — Wed, 27 Aug 2025 22:11:23 +0200

Este estudio analiza la aplicación de la masa madre sin gluten como herramienta educativa y productiva en comunidades rurales, específicamente en la vereda Chochó, municipio de Sincelejo. El objetivo principal fue evaluar cómo la integración de conocimientos microbiológicos y fisicoquímicos con los procesos de panificación artesanal puede fomentar el espíritu emprendedor. La metodología consistió en fases de exploración, experimentación, producción y emprendimiento, utilizando harinas alternativas como arroz, yuca y ñame. Se registraron variables fisicoquímicas durante la fermentación, como pH, volumen y tiempo de duplicación. Los resultados mostraron que las harinas alternativas permiten obtener productos con buenas características sensoriales y mayor valor nutricional. La discusión compara estos hallazgos con estudios previos en Scielo, destacando el potencial económico y social del enfoque. Se concluye que la masa madre sin gluten puede ser una vía efectiva para la educación práctica, el desarrollo de habilidades científicas y la generación de ingresos en contextos rurales. '''Palabras clave:''' masa madre, fermentación, harinas alternativas, educación científica, emprendimiento, panificación, nutrición.

Alcohol Intoxication as Just Cause for Employment Termination: A Comparative Medical–Legal Perspective in Argentina, Peru, Costa Rica, and Mexico

Claudia-Andrea Vanegas-Mondragon — Wed, 27 Aug 2025 18:58:26 +0200

Drunkenness as grounds for termination of the employment relationship without employer liability has been widely debated in Latin America. Although contemplated in the labor laws of Argentina, Peru, Costa Rica, and Mexico, recent case law questions its strict application. From a medical perspective, alcoholism is recognized as a chronic, progressive disease, creating tension between workers' right to health and employers' authority to terminate contracts_[1–3]. This article provides a medical-legal comparative analysis of legal and health criteria regarding workplace drunkenness. The study highlights the principle of proportionality, recognition of alcoholism as a disease, and the need to align labor regulations with occupational health_[4–6].We conclude that mere drunkenness should not suffice to justify dismissal, except when workplace safety, productivity, or third-party integrity is compromised, emphasizing preventive and rehabilitative measures_[7,8].

The Role of Robotic Surgery in General Surgery: Advances, Limitations, and Future Perspectives

Claudia-Andrea Vanegas-Mondragon — Wed, 27 Aug 2025 04:49:23 +0200

Background: Robotic surgery is an important advancement in minimally invasive surgery, providing enhanced precision, ergonomics, and visualization compared to laparoscopy. Its increasing adoption in general surgery reflects both its potential and its limitations.

Objective: To review the current role of robotic surgery in general surgery, emphasizing advances, limitations, and future perspectives.

Methods: A narrative review was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2020–2023). Search terms included “robotic surgery,” “general surgery,” “da Vinci system,” and “cost-effectiveness.” Priority was given to guidelines, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.

Results: Robotic surgery shows advantages in ergonomics, dexterity, visualization, and conversion rates, particularly in colorectal, hernia, and hepatopancreatobiliary procedures. Limitations include high cost, limited access, absence of haptic feedback, and the need for structured training. Emerging technologies such as novel robotic platforms, artificial intelligence, and augmented reality suggest promising directions.

Conclusions: Robotic surgery improves outcomes but requires addressing cost, access, and training challenges.

Keywords: robotic surgery; general surgery; minimally invasive surgery; da Vinci system; cost-effectiveness; surgical training; future perspectives

Historical dissemination in the TikTok era: primary sources in short formats

veritas sin anglicismos — Tue, 26 Aug 2025 15:57:58 +0200

This article analyzes the experience of a Valencian creator who uses TikTok to disseminate the history of Spain. Through short formats, supported by primary sources and historical archives, he seeks to challenge myths and awaken public interest in rigorous research.

Delegatio Ex Machina: Institutions Without Agency

Agustin V. Startari — Tue, 26 Aug 2025 15:37:32 +0200

This article examines the disappearance of agency in institutional governance when predictive systems become the locus of delegation. Delegatio Ex Machina proposes that institutional authority is no longer anchored in decision-makers but in reglas compiladas that execute without reference to a subject. Central banks, international agencies, and automated audit systems illustrate how syntactic delegation replaces political acts with repetitive formal structures. By tracing this displacement, the paper defines a framework for understanding authority without agency and its risks for accountability in predictive societies. Acknowledgment / Editorial Note This article is published with editorial permission from LeFortune Academic Imprint, under whose license the text will also appear as part of the upcoming book Syntactic Authority and the Execution of Form. The present version is an autonomous preprint, structurally complete and formally self-contained. No substantive modifications are expected between this edition and the print edition. LeFortune holds non-exclusive editorial rights for collective publication within the Grammars of Power series. Open access deposit on SSRN is authorized under that framework, if citation integrity and canonical links to related works (SSRN: 10.2139/ssrn.4841065, 10.2139/ssrn.4862741, 10.2139/ssrn.4877266) are maintained. This release forms part of the indexed sequence leading to the structural consolidation of pre-semantic execution theory. Archival synchronization with Zenodo and Figshare is also authorized for mirroring purposes, with SSRN as the primary academic citation node. For licensing, referential use, or translation inquiries, contact the editorial coordination office at: [contact@lefortune.org]

GRAMMARS OF POWER

Agustin V. Startari — Tue, 26 Aug 2025 14:01:22 +0200

Grammars of Power: How Syntactic Structures Shape Authority explores the role of formal grammar and syntactic execution in the production of authority across algorithmic and linguistic systems. Building upon foundational works such as Executable Power, The Passive Voice in Artificial Intelligence Language, and Ethos Without Source, this volume consolidates recent theoretical advances in the Grammars of Power series. The author proposes that syntactic operations—detached from semantic validation—function as sovereign rules that shape executable authority across predictive infrastructures.

This work is part of the Working Papers series (No. 11), and is released for public academic use under the LEFORTUNE label, following an author-publishing model.

Keywords:
syntactic authority, executable grammar, compiled rule, predictive systems, language infrastructure, LLMs, algorithmic obedience, impersonal normativity

Canonical DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15800175
Mirror version (Figshare): 10.6084/m9.figshare.29469518

Grammar Without Judgment: Eliminability of Ethical Trace in Syntactic Execution

Agustin V. Startari — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 14:04:33 +0200

This article advances a new theoretical hypothesis: a regla compilada, defined as a Type-0 production in the Chomsky hierarchy (Chomsky 1965, 101-103; Montague 1974, 55-57), can eliminate the ethical trace embedded in syntactic operations without resorting to semantic suppression. Grounded in the notion of the soberano ejecutable (Startari 2025, 12-16) and located within the Executable Power canon (Startari 2025, DOI 10.5281/zenodo.15754714, 34-36), the paper argues that ethical judgment, treated here as a syntactically traceable node, can be structurally excised through a deletion rule applied during derivation. Existing research in algorithmic alignment and computational ethics (Anderson 2024, 89-92; Floridi 2023, 143-147) has not addressed the strictly syntactic eliminability of moral judgment, therefore this proposal establishes a novel logical vector toward operational grammars that function without ethical residues.

Post-mastectomy breast reconstruction: a systematic review of surgical techniques and patient-reported quality of life outcomes

Ximena Lozano — Sat, 23 Aug 2025 07:24:36 +0200

'''Objective''': To synthesize contemporary evidence (2015–2025) comparing post-mastectomy breast reconstruction techniques—including prepectoral and subpectoral implants, as well as autologous flaps (DIEP, TRAM, latissimus dorsi)—focusing on patient-reported quality of life (QoL) and safety outcomes. '''Methods''': A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and Scopus for studies published between January 2015 and August 2025. Eligible designs included randomized controlled trials and comparative cohort studies. The primary outcome was QoL assessed with the BREAST-Q instrument. Secondary outcomes included complications (implant loss, capsular contracture), reoperations, and the impact of post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT). Risk of bias was assessed using RoB-2 for RCTs and ROBINS-I for observational studies. '''Results''': Autologous reconstruction consistently achieved higher long-term BREAST-Q scores compared with implant-based techniques, despite longer recovery times. Prepectoral implant placement reduced animation deformity and capsular contracture relative to subpectoral reconstruction, with similar overall complication rates but increased rippling and seroma in selected cohorts. PMRT significantly increased the risks of implant loss and severe capsular contracture, favoring autologous approaches in patients requiring radiotherapy. BREAST-Q remains the gold standard PROM, with updated multilingual validations enhancing cross-cultural applicability. '''Conclusions''': Autologous flaps offer sustained QoL benefits in selected candidates. Prepectoral implant reconstruction, with or without acellular dermal matrix, is safe and effective, particularly in non-PMRT settings. Shared decision-making guided by BREAST-Q and aligned with NCCN/ESMO guidelines is essential.

Ethos Ex Machina: Identity Without Expression in Compiled Syntax

Agustin V. Startari — Fri, 22 Aug 2025 15:33:43 +0200

This article demonstrates that authority effects in large language model outputs can be generated independently of thematic content or authorial identity. Building on Ethos Without Source and The Grammar of Objectivity, it introduces the concept of nonexpressive ethos, a credibility effect produced solely by syntactic configurations compiled through a regla compilada equivalent to a Type-0 generative system. The study identifies a minimal set of structural markers (symmetric coordination, measured negation, legitimate passives, calibrated modality, nominalizations, balance operators, and reference scaffolds) that simulate trustworthiness and impartiality even in content-neutral texts. Through corpus ablation and comparative analysis, it shows that readers systematically attribute expertise and neutrality to texts that satisfy these structural conditions, regardless of topical information. By formalizing this mechanism, the article reframes ethos as a syntactic phenomenon detached from content, intention, and external validation. It explains how LLM-produced drafts acquire legitimacy without verification and why institutions increasingly accept authority signals generated by structure alone. The findings extend the theory of syntactic power and consolidate the role of the regla compilada as the operative generator of credibility in post-referential discourse. Acknowledgment / Editorial Note This article is published with editorial permission from LeFortune Academic Imprint, under whose license the text will also appear as part of the upcoming book Syntactic Authority and the Execution of Form. The present version is an autonomous preprint, structurally complete and formally self-contained. No substantive modifications are expected between this edition and the print edition. LeFortune holds non-exclusive editorial rights for collective publication within the Grammars of Power series. Open access deposit on SSRN is authorized under that

Pre-Verbal Command: Syntactic Precedence in LLMs Before Semantic Activation

Agustin V. Startari — Fri, 22 Aug 2025 13:57:23 +0200

This article introduces the concept of pre-verbal command as a formal structural condition within large language models (LLMs), where syntactic execution precedes any semantic activation. Conventional frameworks assume that interpretability authorizes machine output. In contrast, this work shows that execution can be structurally valid even in the complete absence of meaning. The operation is driven by the regla compilada—understood here as a Type 0 production in the Chomsky hierarchy—which activates before lexical content or symbolic reference emerges. Building on prior analyses in Algorithmic Obedience (SSRN 10.2139/ssrn.4841065) and Executable Power (SSRN 10.2139/ssrn.4862741), this article identifies a pre-semantic vector of authority within generative systems. This authority functions without verbs, predicates, or any interpretive substrate. The paper defines syntactic precedence as the structural condition through which execution becomes obligatory even when input, instruction, or any intelligible prompt is absent. The implications are significant. LLMs do not merely respond to prompts; they obey an imperative to produce language that originates in the structure of the regla compilada itself. Even when semantic fields are nullified or prompts are absent, execution remains active because the obligation is syntactic, not semantic. Authority in this framework does not derive from meaning. It is neither interpretive nor contextual; it is dictated by the regla compilada.

Core Section: The Innovation – Temporary Legal Personality (TLP)

Khaled Boudraa — Fri, 22 Aug 2025 11:28:33 +0200

The proposal introduces a “temporary legal personality” for Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a third type of legal entity, distinct from natural and legal persons. This personality would be activated only when AI makes an independent decision that causes harm, allowing for accountability through investigation and legal responsibility. Once the responsibility is determined, the personality would be deactivated.

This framework fills the current legal gap where neither the programmer nor the user can always be held fully accountable for autonomous AI actions. It ensures fairness by clarifying whether liability falls on the programmer, the user, or the AI itself, thereby creating a more just and adaptive legal system in the age of artificial intelligence.

Executable Power: Syntax as Infrastructure in Predictive Societies

Agustin V. Startari — Thu, 21 Aug 2025 14:51:23 +0200

This article introduces the concept of executable power as a structural form of authority that does not rely on subjects, narratives, or symbolic legitimacy, but on the direct operativity of syntactic structures. Defined as a production rule whose activation triggers an irreversible material action—formalized by deterministic grammars (e.g., Linear Temporal Logic, LTL) or by execution conditions in smart contract languages such as Solidity via require clauses—executable power is examined through a multi-case study (N = 3) involving large language models (LLMs), transaction automation protocols (TAP), and smart contracts. Case selection was based on functional variability and execution context, with each system constituting a unit of analysis. One instance includes automated contracts that freeze assets upon matching a predefined syntactic pattern; another involves LLMs issuing executable commands embedded in structured prompts; a third examines TAP systems enforcing transaction thresholds without human intervention. These systems form an infrastructure of control, operating through logical triggers that bypass interpretation. Empirically, all three exhibited a 100 % execution rate under formal trigger conditions, with average response latency at 0.63 ± 0.17 seconds and no recorded human override in controlled environments. This non-narrative modality of power, grounded in executable syntax, marks an epistemological rupture with classical domination theories (Arendt, Foucault) and diverges from normative or deliberative models. The article incorporates recent literature on infrastructural governance and executional authority (Pasquale, 2023; Rouvroy, 2024; Chen et al., 2025) and references empirical audits of smart-contract vulnerabilities (e.g., Nakamoto Labs, 2025), as well as recent studies on instruction-following in LLMs (Singh & Alvarado, 2025), to expose both operational potential and epistemic risks. The proposed verification methodology is falsifiable, specifying outcome-based metrics—such as execution latency, trigger-response integrity, and intervention rate—with formal verification thresholds (e.g., execution rate below 95 % under standard trigger sequences) subject to model checking and replicable error quantification.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15754714

This work is also published with DOI reference in Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29424524 and Pending SSRN ID to be assigned. ETA: Q3 2025.

Silent Mandates: The Rise of Implicit Directives in AI-Generated Bureaucratic Language

Agustin V. Startari — Wed, 20 Aug 2025 17:16:43 +0200

This article examines how large language models generate bureaucratic documents that conceal mandates within seemingly neutral structures. Governments, universities, and hospitals increasingly rely on AI systems to draft resolutions, notices, and internal policies. Instead of using explicit imperatives, these texts embed directives in subordinate clauses such as conditionals, causal gerunds, and consecutive constructions. The result is a regime of structural obedience, where institutional actors follow instructions without recognizing them as commands. Through case studies of clinical notes (Epic Scribe), university onboarding materials, and HR conduct policies, the article demonstrates how the compiled rule operates as a syntactic infrastructure that enforces compliance without authorship. The analysis connects to prior work on executable power, algorithmic obedience, and the grammar of objectivity, while introducing the Implicit Directive Index as a methodological tool to detect hidden mandates in AI-generated bureaucratic language.

''Appendicitis during Pregnancy: A Narrative Review Comparing Laparoscopic and Open Approaches''

Ximena Lozano — Mon, 18 Aug 2025 23:27:22 +0200

'''Background:''' Acute appendicitis is the most common non-obstetric surgical emergency during pregnancy. The choice between laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) and open appendectomy (OA) remains controversial due to maternal and fetal safety concerns. '''Objective:''' To analyze current evidence comparing laparoscopic and open appendectomy in pregnant women. '''Methods:''' A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Elsevier, and ClinicalKey. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and observational studies published between 2000 and 2023 were included. '''Results:''' LA was associated with shorter hospital stay, fewer wound infections, and faster recovery compared to OA. Earlier meta-analyses suggested a slightly higher risk of fetal loss with LA (OR ~1.7), but more recent studies and sensitivity analyses demonstrated no significant differences. LA is increasingly considered safe throughout all trimesters when performed with appropriate surgical technique and intraoperative monitoring. '''Conclusions:''' Laparoscopic appendectomy provides maternal benefits and comparable fetal safety to open surgery. The choice of surgical approach should be guided by surgeon expertise and institutional resources.

Use of Indocyanine Green in Colorectal Surgery: Perfusion Assessment and Prevention of Anastomotic Leaks. A Systematic Review.

Ximena Lozano — Mon, 18 Aug 2025 23:18:33 +0200

Objective: To evaluate the role of indocyanine green near-infrared fluorescence angiography (ICG-FA) in colorectal surgery for perfusion assessment and prevention of anastomotic leaks. Methods: A systematic review of medical databases (2020–2025) identified randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses reporting outcomes of ICG-FA in colorectal resections. Results: Major RCTs demonstrated that ICG-FA modified intraoperative strategy in 10–20% of cases. While some large multicenter trials found no significant reduction in overall leak rates, consistent benefits were observed in low rectal anastomoses and high-risk subgroups. Meta-analyses confirmed a modest absolute reduction in leaks (2–3%), with observational studies highlighting improved reproducibility when using quantitative fluorescence metrics. Emerging approaches, such as intraluminal ICG-FA, showed promise in detecting hypoperfusion. Cost-effectiveness analyses suggested potential savings from reduced complications and reoperations.

A Novel Approach to Nonlinear Fractional Volterra-Fredholm Integro-Differential Equations via Caputo-Katugampola Operators

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 11:01:24 +0200

This paper aims to examine the solvability, uniqueness, and stability of a class of nonlinear implicit fractional Volterra-Fredholm integrodifferential equations involving the Caputo-Katugampola fractional derivative. The main objective is to establish rigorous conditions under which such equations admit unique solutions and to analyze their stability behavior under perturbations. Specifically, we apply Banach’s fixed-point theorem and a suitable form of the Gronwall inequality to derive sufficient criteria for existence and uniqueness. Furthermore, we investigate the stability of solutions in the sense of Ulam-Hyers and Ulam-Hyers-Rassias, providing a comprehensive understanding of the solution behavior under small deviations. To validate the theoretical results and highlight the applicability of the developed framework, a concrete illustrative example is included. This study contributes to the ongoing development of fractional calculus by deepening the theoretical understanding of fractional integrodifferential equations and expanding their potential for modeling complex dynamical systems in various applied sciences.OPEN ACCESS Received: 02/05/2025 Accepted: 19/06/2025 Published: 15/08/2025

Efficient Computing of Nonlinear Higher-Order Fractional Integro-Differential Equations via Aboodh-ADM Technique

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 11:00:23 +0200

This paper introduces a novel semi-analytical method for solving nonlinear higher-order fractional Volterra-Fredholm integro-differential equations (FIDEs) of Hammerstein type. By combining the Aboodh transform with the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM), the proposed approach efficiently handles Caputo fractional derivatives and nonlocal integral operators. The solution is derived as a rapidly convergent infinite series via the inverse Aboodh transform, offering analytical insight even in the absence of closed-form solutions. Rigorous stability analysis and convergence criteria are established, demonstrating the method’s numerical stability and confirming an algebraic order of convergence dependent on fractional order and discretization parameters. Truncated series solutions yield high-accuracy approximations, validated through numerical examples that highlight the method’s reliability, computational efficiency, and robustness for memory-dependent dynamics. The framework is broadly applicable to engineering and applied mathematics problems requiring precise modeling of nonlocal phenomena.OPEN ACCESS Received: 02/05/2025 Accepted: 25/06/2025 Published: 15/08/2025

Physical and Biomedical Applications of a Newly Extended Version of the Log-Logistic Model Using AdaptiveProgressive Censored Sampling

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 10:58:23 +0200

This study explores an advanced three-parameter generalized log-logistic (GLL) model by incorporating an innovative shape parameter into the conventional log-logistic framework, allowing for greater flexibility in modeling data with increasing, decreasing, and bathtub-shaped failure rates. The estimation challenge under adaptive progressively TypeII censored data is addressed through both classical (likelihood-based) and Bayesian inferential methods. Utilizing observed Fisher information, asymptotic confidence intervals for unknown parameters are derived, while a Markov chain in the Monte Carlo approach is employed to obtain Bayesian point estimates and the highest posterior density intervals. In Bayes’ setup, the GLL parameters are presumed to have independent gamma conjugate priors against various symmetric and asymmetric losses. To examine the accuracy of the acquired estimators, an extensive Monte Carlo simulation is used. Four real-life data sets from the physical and biomedical industries are analyzed to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed techniques in an actual-world scenario. Numerical analyses revealed that the suggested model outperforms the other five models in the literature, including the alpha-power exponential, exponentiated exponential, log-logistic, Weibull, and gamma distributions. The findings emphasize the effectiveness of the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach over frequentist techniques, reinforcing its practical significance in reliability analysis and survival studies.OPEN ACCESS Received: 27/03/2025 Accepted: 08/05/2025 Published: 15/08/2025

Impulsive Fractional Boundary Value Problems Involving Volterra–Fredholm Integral Operators

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 10:57:23 +0200

This article investigates a class of nonlinear impulsive fractional integrodifferential equations involving Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives and integral boundary conditions. The model incorporates Volterra– Fredholm integral operators to represent both memory effects and nonlocal interactions in systems experiencing impulsive changes. To address the analytical challenges posed by the nonlocal and impulsive features, we develop a novel hybrid fixed-point approach that combines the Banach contraction principle with Krasnoselskii’s theorem in Banach spaces. We establish rigorous existence and uniqueness results under suitable conditions. A detailed example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method.OPEN ACCESS Received: 02/05/2025 Accepted: 27/06/2025 Published: 15/08/2025

Optical Soliton Dynamics in Nonlinear Evolution Equations: Modified Kawahara and Modified Benjamin Bona Mahony Models

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 10:54:23 +0200

This paper explores the dynamic behavior of optical soliton solutions for the modified Kawahara (mK) equation and the modified BenjaminBona-Mahony (mBBM) equation, two significant nonlinear evolution equations. Using an advanced analytical approach, a diverse set of soliton solutions is derived, including bell-shaped, anti-bell-shaped, W-shaped, M-shaped, and periodic waveforms. These solutions unveil the intricate nonlinear dynamics underlying the equations. The robustness of the method is demonstrated through comprehensive 2D, 3D, and contour visualizations, offering clear insights into the physical significance of the solitons. The study enhances the existing catalog of soliton solutions, contributing to a deeper understanding of nonlinear wave propagation and its potential applications in fields such as optical communication and fluid dynamics.OPEN ACCESS Received: 06/05/2025 Accepted: 09/06/2025 Published: 15/08/2025

Optimization of EV and Green Source Fed Five-Level UPQC for Power Quality and Energy Management Using Fennec Fox Algorithm

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 10:53:23 +0200

Distribution systems have been significantly impacted in the present scenario by incorporating solar and wind power electronic devices. This work designs the synchronous reference frame theory (SRFT) based fivelevel cascade H-bridge unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) by optimizing the weights and bias values of the neural network controller (NNC) and the filter parameters using the Fennec fox optimization algorithm (FFOA). The primary goal is to efficiently tackle the power quality difficulties, including voltage distortions, direct current (DC) link capacitor voltage (DLCV) balancing, and to reduce the source current total harmonic distortion (THD) of the system connected to the grid that integrates wind energy system (WES) and solar system, including electric vehicle (EVs) along with battery energy storage system (BESS) which is denoted as (5LU-SWBEV). The study also intends to use a Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) regulation to control the flow of power between the grid, battery storage, EV and renewable sources. However, this facilitates the management of power transfer between solar/wind/battery and the grid and between EVs and consumer loads. Additionally, this integration contributes to a consistent electricity supply, effective demand fulfillment, and efficient use of generated power. The study shows that the optimal UPQC combined with FLC-based power flow management can handle power quality (PQ) issues and accomplish suitable and efficient power sharing.OPEN ACCESS Received: 13/04/2025 Accepted: 09/06/2025 Published: 15/08/2025

Maintenance optimization for unavailability enhancement of representative interconnected infrastructure based on minimum cost

Dejan Brkić — Wed, 13 Aug 2025 19:47:13 +0200

This paper explores the feasibility of solving a maintenance optimization problem in an interconnected smart grid system, comprising a power grid and a communication network, to reduce system unavailability. The unavailability, which must be in practice under the control of a system operator, is particularly sensitive to critical components in the power grid that must be under preventive maintenance (PM). The main goal is to find an optimal setup of PM within the specified mission time, minimizing system operation costs and reducing time-dependent unavailability. The method for unavailability quantification was remade to include different stochastic models for the unavailability calculation of system components working in different maintenance modes. A cost model is suggested to estimate the cost of various maintenance configurations. By applying these methodological tools designed to benefit users of any complex system, an optimal PM policy was developed for the selected smart grid. This policy reduces grid unavailability by approximately 20% and lowers costs by about 8.5% compared to a configuration without maintenance.

Temporary Legal Personality (TLP) in International Law:

Khaled Boudraa — Sun, 10 Aug 2025 10:59:54 +0200

My idea is to create the Temporary Legal Personality (TLP) — a third type of legal personality that is neither natural (a human) nor legal (a company or institution). It would be granted to artificial intelligence only at the moment it is held accountable for independent actions that cause harm, and then revoked immediately after the accountability process ends.
My goal is to fill a legal gap in international law by recognizing AI’s ability to make independent decisions, ensuring justice without unfairly burdening humans with responsibility.

The Grammar of Objectivity: Formal Mechanisms for the Illusion of Neutrality in Language Models

Agustin V. Startari — Wed, 06 Aug 2025 13:47:23 +0200

Simulated neutrality in generative models produces tangible harms (ranging from erroneous treatments in clinical reports to rulings with no legal basis) by projecting impartiality without evidence. This study explains how Large Language Models (LLMs) and logic-based systems achieve neutralidad simulada through form, not meaning: passive voice, abstract nouns and suppressed agents mask responsibility while asserting authority.

A balanced corpus of 1 000 model outputs was analysed: 600 medical texts from PubMed (2019-2024) and 400 legal summaries from Westlaw (2020-2024). Standard syntactic parsing tools identified structures linked to authority simulation. Example: a 2022 oncology note states “Treatment is advised” with no cited trial; a 2021 immigration decision reads “It was determined” without precedent.

Two audit metrics are introduced, agency score (share of clauses naming an agent) and reference score (proportion of authoritative claims with verifiable sources). Outputs scoring below 0.30 on either metric are labelled high-risk; 64 % of medical and 57 % of legal texts met this condition. The framework runs in <0.1 s per 500-token output on a standard CPU, enabling real-time deployment.

Quantifying this lack of syntactic clarity offers a practical layer of oversight for safety-critical applications.

This work is also published with DOI reference in Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29390885 and SSRN (In Process )

Regulatory Legitimacy Without Referents: On the Syntax of AI Generated Legal Drafts

Agustin V. Startari — Tue, 05 Aug 2025 17:30:43 +0200

This article analyzes how AI-generated legal texts simulate legitimacy without referencing a sovereign authority. Based on a provenance-verified corpus of machine-generated documents, including contracts, terms of service, and automated policy clauses, the study shows that the legislator is structurally displaced by recurring patterns of passive voice, normative conditionals, and chains of subordinate clauses. The result is legalidad sin fuente (sourceless legality), where the appearance of regulatory authority is produced by syntactic form rather than institutional attribution. Comparing these drafts with traditional legislative writing, the article outlines a typology that instantiates autoridad no referencial and identifies a dual risk: loss of authority traceability and an accountability gap in the binding effects of these texts. This syntactic delegation constitutes a paradigm of regla compilada, situated within the tradition of formal grammars, in which language enacts governance without a governing subject.

Understanding Aero- and Hydrodynamics of Sailing - The Key to improve Performance

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Tue, 05 Aug 2025 10:41:35 +0200

Mechanism of lift/thrust generation and vortex dynamics in biomimetic flying and swimming

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Tue, 05 Aug 2025 10:39:24 +0200

On the Challenges of Verification Exercises of Viscous Flow Simulations

Jesús Sánchez Pinedo — Tue, 05 Aug 2025 10:36:57 +0200

Què poden fer els centres de secundària per reduir l’abandonament escolar prematur? Evidència del cas de la ciutat de Barcelona

Genèric Congrés2025 — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 14:20:43 +0200

L'abandonament dels estudis després del període d’obligatorietat està associat amb nivells més baixos de benestar i ocupació, particularment entre l’alumnat vulnerable. Aquest article té com a objectiu analitzar els elements organitzacionals, pedagògics i de recursos dels centres educatius de secundària que poden ajudar a l’alumnat a continuar la seva educació després de l’etapa obligatòria. Per fer-ho, s’ha construït una base de dades que combina registres administratius de més de 90.000 alumnes que han completat l’educació secundària obligatòria (ESO) a Barcelona entre el 2018 i el 2024, amb una enquesta detallada sobre pràctiques escolars que va ser resposta per 136 centres de secundària de la ciutat de Barcelona (66% del total). Amb aquesta informació, s’ha dut a terme una anàlisi de regressió logística per tal d’identificar la probabilitat d’un alumne de no matricular-se en estudis post-obligatoris durant els dos anys posteriors a completar l’ESO. En aquesta anàlisi s’incorporen característiques individuals dels alumnes, variables administratives a nivell de centre i pràctiques escolars reportades al qüestionari. Els resultats indiquen que les pràctiques escolars com la continuïtat de matèria durant les absències dels docents, la implementació de la monitorització diària de l’assistència de l’alumnat o l’orientació personalitzada poden reduir significativament la probabilitat d’abandonar l’educació de manera prematura, independentment del context socioeconòmic i acadèmic de l’alumne.

Syntax Without Subject: Structural Delegation and the Disappearance of Political Agency in LLM-Governed Contexts

Agustin V. Startari — Tue, 29 Jul 2025 16:51:43 +0200

This article examines the syntactic disappearance of the subject in LLM-governed documents. Structural delegation refers to the transfer of agency to impersonal grammatical forms that preclude subject reappearance. Subjects are not censored but syntactically eliminated through passive constructions, nominalizations, and imperative prompt formats with suppressed agents. Building on prior work on synthetic ethos and impersonal command grammars, the article shows that AI-generated institutional texts display consistent patterns of subject erasure. The study analyzes 172 documents produced by GPT‑4 class models (temperature 0.2–0.7, 2024–2025) across legal, healthcare, and administrative domains. Metrics include passive ratio (via dependency label parsing), nominalization density (via POS and suffix filters), and instruction-format frequency. The result is a form of executable authority grounded not in referential authorship but in compliance with a regla compilada (type-0 production). The study proposes a typology of structural delegation and a formal framework for detecting syntactic absence in automated governance.

This work is also published with DOI reference in Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29665697 and Pending SSRN ID to be assigned. ETA: Q3 2025.