Colloquiam: Documents published in 2016

End-Shield Bridges for High-Speed Railway : Full scale dynamic testing and numerical simulations

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 14:31:06 +0100

The increasing need for High-Speed Railway (HSR) to reduce the travelling time requires increasing research within this field. Bridges are main components of any railway network, including HSR networks, and the optimization of their design for this purpose would contribute to a faster and more cost effective development of the HSR network. The initial investment, the running and maintenance costs of the bridges can be decreased through better understanding of the their dynamic behaviour. This thesis studies the dynamic behaviour of end-shield railway bridges under HSR operation. 2D beam analysis is used to study the effect of the distribution of the train’s axle load. Relatively accurate 3D FE-models are developed to study the effect of Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) and the dynamic response of the bridges. Modelling alternatives are studied to develop an accurate model. A full scale test of a simply supported Bridge with end-shields using load-controlled forced excitation was performed and the results were used to verify the theoretical models. A manual model updating process of the material properties of the 3D FE-model is performed using FRFs from the field measurements. A Simple 2D model is also developed, where a spring/dashpot system is implemented to simplify SSI, and updated to reproduce the field measured responses. The conclusions of the project emphasize the importance of SSI effects in the dynamic analysis of end-shield bridges for predicting their dynamic behaviour. The conclusions also show that the modelling of the surrounding soil and the assumption of the soil material parameters have significant effect on the dynamic response. Even the boundary conditions, bedrock level and the ballast on the railway track affects the response. The results also show that the bridge’s concrete section behaves as uncracked section under the studied dynamic loading. "p"QC 20170403

Coordination in hinterland chains: An institutional analysis of port-related transport

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 14:21:22 +0100

Containerisation has led to increased competition between ports and put pressure on the use of scarce hinterland infrastructure. Having good coordination between all actors involved in port-related transport, including infrastructural access to the hinterland, is required to be successful in container port competition. In hinterland chains, different coordination problems exist for different reasons. As a response, different public and private actors undertake coordination arrangements to solve coordination problems. The goal of this thesis is to advance the understanding of how actors in port-related transport chains improve this coordination. The core of the thesis consists of five article. They form a ‘pattern of discovery’ of different issues related to coordination in hinterland chains applying different theoretical lenses from inter-organisational theories in which Institutional Economics plays a central role. This thesis introduces a framework to analyse coordination in hinterland chains. The framework helps to cope with the complexity of coordination in port-related transport chains and it is a tool to explore coordination issues systematically."br/""br/"The first study shows that different coordination problems exist in transport by road, rail, and waterway. These coordination problems occur due to the imbalance between the costs and benefits of coordination, a lack of willingness to invest, the strategic considerations of the actors involved, and risk-averse behaviour. Based on literature review, desk research, interviews, and cases of coordination arrangements from the port of Rotterdam, we introduce a typology of four main categories of coordination arrangements. The categories are inspired by Transaction Cost Economics, theory on Property Rights, and Collective Action theory, and include: introduction of incentives, creation of interfirm alliances, changing scope of the organisation, and creating collective action. In the empirical part, coordination arrangements from container bargingin the port of Rotterdam are discussed and linked with the relevant coordination problem."br/""br/"The second study further explores coordination arrangements in the port of Rotterdam taking the typology from the first article as a starting point. Key characteristics related to the complexity of the transaction (number of actors involved, group character, and coordination problems to be solved) and of the coordination arrangements (type of coordination arrangement, function of actors involved, function of the initiator, power base of the initiator, transport mode and use of ICT) are defined. The analysis shows that transport companies are the most important initiator of coordination arrangements. The Rotterdam Port Authority and terminal operators also play an important role. This article assumes a relationship between the chosen coordination arrangement and the complexity of the transaction. More actors involved leads to more complexity, resulting in more hierarchical coordination arrangements; the involvement of public actors or the port authority reduces transaction costs. When the group size is large, initiators of coordination arrangements do not enforce coordination, but act mainly as a stimulator or enabler (leader firms). The analysis shows that ICT is usually applied to solve the lack of operational coordination, and when the group size is large."br/""br/"The third article further explores one main category of coordination arrangements, namely ‘changing scope’, thereby focussing on two actors, namely shipping lines and terminal operating companies. By making use of insights from Transaction Cost Economics and the Resource-based View, the paper helps to understand why and how shipping lines and terminal operating companies vertically integrate into intermodal transport and in inland terminals. The paper discusses a number of cases from the Hamburg–Le Havre range, where shipping lines and terminal operating companies have changed their scope. After the theoretical and empirical analysis, the papers draws conclusions on the explanatory power of the theories. From a theoretical point of view, and based on empirical observations, the study shows that three other aspects are relevant to take into account: the geographical scale of vertical integration strategies, the elements of power and culture of the firms, and the role of the formal institutional environment."br/""br/"In the fourth study, the focus is on including the role of the institutional environment and dynamics in the analysis of coordination in hinterland chains. Based on an in-depth study into coordination in liberalised railway market in the Port of Rotterdam, empirical illustrations are used to adjust the Transaction Cost Economics approach towards a dynamic model influenced by Douglas North's theory on economic and institutional change. The study states that such a framework is relevant to study port-related railway chains that changed from a single and homogenous actor constellation to a multiple and heterogeneous actor constellation. In the adapted framework, the institutional environment is not only a constraint but also an instrument creating possibilities for improving coordinating behaviour, and allowing interaction between the coordination arrangements and the institutional environment."br/""br/"The last article deepened the insights on causes of coordination problems focussing on container barging in the port of Rotterdam. A multidisciplinary analysis is performed, analysing possible institutional reasons that cause coordination problems. The study shows that container barging has a large track record of coordination arrangements. The sector is embedded in a history with many vertical and horizontal alliances. Although the Inland Waterway Transport sector can be characterised as conservative and individualistic, container barge operators act with an entrepreneurial, adaptive and future-oriented spirit. The degree of organisation among barge operators and inland terminal operators, active in organising barge transport, is relatively high, reflecting an ability to work improve coordination in the future. The present division of property and decision rights forms a bad condition for future improvement. This includes the missing contract between the barge operator and the deep-sea terminal operator, and between the barge operator or skipper and the infrastructure manager. This is difficult to change in the short term.

Investigação de soluções para os impactos técnicos causados pela conexão massiva de veículos elétricos aos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 14:20:07 +0100

Orientador: Fernanda Caseño Trindade Arioli Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-02T05:29:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinto_YuriGabriel_M.pdf: 1651703 bytes, checksum: c68a3254df9ba995dd14c03c4933fa93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 Resumo: Devido a questões ambientais e a incentivos econômicos, a utilização de veículos elétricos plug-in (VEPs) está avançando em muitos países. A bateria dos VEPs é carregada quando conectada à rede de distribuição, e a potência e a energia necessárias durante a recarga do VEP são maiores do que as cargas residenciais típicas. Consequentemente, a demanda dos sistemas de distribuição aumenta consideravelmente, levando ao agravamento de diversos aspectos técnicos das redes de distribuição. Nesta dissertação de mestrado, readequações e melhorias na infraestrutura das redes de distribuição, considerando ações que fazem parte do dia-a-dia dos engenheiros das concessionárias, são utilizadas para contrapor os impactos da recarga dos VEPs em mais de 25.000 redes secundárias brasileiras reais. Um algoritmo de Monte Carlo é proposto para auxiliar os engenheiros na análise e na tomada de decisão das soluções necessárias em diferentes níveis de penetração de VEPs. Também é apresentado o investimento financeiro necessário em cada solução. O resultado obtido para as redes estudadas e para os preços praticados no Brasil mostram que para readequar as redes brasileiras e viabilizar a utilização de até 30% de penetração de VEPs é necessário um investimento de cerca R$ 200,00 a R$ 1.900,00 por VEP para soluções que não envolvam desmembramento do circuito (apenas utilizando recondutoramento e substituição do transformador existente) e cerca de R$ 500,00 a R$ 5.000,00 para soluções que envolvam desmembramento Abstract: Due to environmental and economic incentives, the use of plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) is growing in several countries. The batteries of the PEVs are recharged by being connected to distribution networks, and the power and energy required during the recharges are high compared to the typical loads. Consequently, the load levels can increase considerably, incurring in negative impacts to the distribution networks. In this work, infrastructural solutions, which are part of the daily practices of utility engineers, are used to solve the impacts of 25,000 LV networks of a real Brazilian utility. A Monte Carlo algorithm is proposed for the analyses providing the engineers an estimate of the required solutions for a given penetration level of PEVs and the required investment per PEV. The results obtained for the analyzed networks and the prices practiced in Brazil show that the infrastructural solutions for up to 30% of penetration level can cost from R$ 200.00 to R$ 1,900.00 per PEV without the installation of a new transformer and division of the circuit (just replacing the conductors and the transformers), and about R$ 500.00 to R$ 5,000.00 per PEV with the installation of a new transformer and division of the circuit Mestrado Energia Eletrica Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica 519.292-1 FAEPEX

Enabling socio-technical transitions – electric vehicles and high voltage electricity grids as focal points of low emission futures

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 14:19:09 +0100

Today humankind is facing numerous sustainability challenges that require us to question CO2 intensive practices like those present in the transport and energy sector. To meet those challenges, many countries have adopted ambitious climate targets. Achieving such targets requires an understanding of the wider socio-technical context of transitions. The aim of this licentiate thesis is therefore to analyse such socio-technical transitions towards low-emission futures enabled by the electrification of passenger cars and high voltage grid development. A combination of different transitions theories (for ex. Multi-level perspective and Technological innovation systems) and institutional theory has been used. To reach the aim paper I analyses the climate impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) and policy measures to achieve a breakthrough scenario for EVs. The results show that a mixture of short and long term policies are needed that take into account the technology development stage and behavioural aspects of EV adopters. Paper II addresses the need to include the high voltage transmission grid and its planning procedures as a central part of debates on transitions. Therefore the opportunities, challenges and reasons for conflict in the established regime are studied. The results show that in order to achieve a sustainable grid development regime, it is necessary to spend time on achieving legitimacy and social sustainability. The third paper uses semi-structured expert interviews and focuses on innovation dynamics for EV adoption. By focusing on dynamics instead of single policy measures, it is possible to grasp interactions within a niche, but also in between a niche, regime and landscape. The results show that strong initial technology legitimacy was needed to start substantial innovation dynamics. This could be further strengthened with a strong and broad coalition of actors. Both those factors led, if present, to an improved variety and match of policy instruments. As such this thesis has shown that transitions are not just about technology or policy instruments as such but about the dynamics and processes needed to enable them. This can be relevant in other transitions that otherwise may underestimate the importance of these components. "p"QC 20170512"/p" Norstr

Predicting the sound field from aeroacoustic sources on moving vehicles: Towards an improved urban environment

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 14:07:51 +0100

In a society where environmental noise is becoming a major health and economical concern, sound emissions are an increasingly critical design factor for vehicle manufacturers. With about a quarter of the European population living close to roads with heavy traffic, traffic noise in urban landscapes has to be addressed first. The current introduction of electric vehicles on the market and the need for sound systems to alert their presence is causing a shift in mentalities requiring engineering methods that will have to treat noise management problems from a broader perspective. That in which noise emissions need not only be considered as a by-product of the design but as an integrated part of it. Developing more sustainable ground transportation will require a better understanding of the sound field emitted in various realistic operating conditions, beyond the current requirements set by the standard pass-by test, which is performed in a free-field. A key aspect to improve this understanding is the development of efficient numerical tools to predict the generation and propagation of sound from moving vehicles. In the present thesis, a methodology is proposed aimed at evaluating the pass-by sound field generated by vehicle acoustic sources in a simplified urban environment, with a focus on flow sound sources. Although it can be argued that the aerodynamic noise is still a minor component of the total emitted noise in urban driving conditions, this share will certainly increase in the near future with the introduction of quiet electric engines and more noise-efficient tyres on the market. This work presents a complete modelling of the problem from sound generation to sound propagation and pass-by analysis in three steps. Firstly, computation of the flow around the geometry of interest; secondly, extraction of the sound sources generated by the flow, and thirdly, propagation of the sound generated by the moving sources to observers including reflections and scattering by nearby surfaces. In the first step, the flow is solved using compressible detached-eddy simulations. The identification of the sound sources in the second step is performed using direct numerical beamforming with linear programming deconvolution, with the phased array pressure data being extracted from the flow simulations. The outcome of this step is a set of uncorrelated monopole sources. Step three uses this set as input to a propagation method based on a point-to-point moving source Green's function and a modified Kirchhoff integral under the Kirchhoff approximation to compute reflections on built surfaces. The methodology is demonstrated on the example of the aeroacoustic noise generated by a NACA air inlet moving in a simplified urban setting. Using this methodology gives insights on the sound generating mechanisms, on the source characteristics and on the sound field generated by the sources when moving in a simplified urban environment. I ett samhälle där buller håller på att bli ett stort hälsoproblem och en ekonomisk belastning, är ljudutsläpp en allt viktigare aspekt för fordonstillverkare. Då ungefär en fjärdedel av den europeiska befolkningen bor nära vägar med tung trafik, är åtgärder för minskat trafikbuller i stadsmiljö en hög prioritet. Introduktionen av elfordon på marknaden och behovet av ljudsystem för att varna omgivningen kräver också ett nytt synsätt och tekniska angreppssätt som behandlar bullerproblemen ur ett bredare perspektiv. Buller bör inte längre betraktas som en biprodukt av konstruktionen, utan som en integrerad del av den. Att utveckla mer hållbara marktransporter kommer att kräva en bättre förståelse av det utstrålade ljudfältet vid olika realistiska driftsförhållanden, utöver de nuvarande standardiserade kraven för förbifartstest som utförs i ett fritt fält. En viktig aspekt för att förbättra denna förståelse är utvecklingen av effektiva numeriska verktyg för att beräkna ljudalstring och ljudutbredning från fordon i rörelse. I denna avhandling föreslås en metodik som syftar till att utvärdera förbifartsljud som alstras av fordons akustiska källor i en förenklad stadsmiljö, här med fokus på strömningsgenererat ljud. Även om det aerodynamiska bullret är fortfarande en liten del av de totala bullret från vägfordon i urbana miljöer, kommer denna andel säkerligen att öka inom en snar framtid med införandet av tysta elektriska motorer och de bullerreducerande däck som introduceras på marknaden. I detta arbete presenteras en komplett modellering av problemet från ljudalstring till ljudutbredning och förbifartsanalys i tre steg. Utgångspunkten är beräkningar av strömningen kring geometrin av intresse; det andra steget är identifiering av ljudkällorna som genereras av strömningen, och det tredje steget rör ljudutbredning från rörliga källor till observatörer, inklusive effekten av reflektioner och spridning från närliggande ytor. I det första steget löses flödet genom detached-eddy simulation (DES) för kompressibel strömning. Identifiering av ljudkällor i det andra steget görs med direkt numerisk lobformning med avfaltning med hjälp av linjärprogrammering, där källdata extraheras från flödessimuleringarna. Resultatet av detta steg är en uppsättning av okorrelerade akustiska monopolkällor. Steg tre utnyttjar dessa källor som indata till en ljudutbredningsmodel baserad på beräkningar punkt-till-punkt med Greensfunktioner för rörliga källor, och med en modifierad Kirchhoff-integral under Kirchhoffapproximationen för att beräkna reflektioner mot byggda ytor. Metodiken demonstreras med exemplet med det aeroakustiska ljud som genereras av ett NACA-luftintag som rör sig i en förenklad urban miljö. Med hjälp av denna metod kan man få insikter om ljudalstringsmekanismer, om källegenskaper och om ljudfältet som genereras av källor när de rör sig i en förenklad stadsmiljö. "p"QC 20170425

Forças e choques na dinâmica longitudinal de composições ferroviárias

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 14:06:58 +0100

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Gardel Kurka Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-01T15:58:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OliveiraJunior_AlbertoJorgeSalesDe_M.pdf: 4524641 bytes, checksum: bfb0be3b3d1fca7870e2ff49f388a8a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 Resumo: Sistemas de freio pneumáticos são usados em aplicações ferroviárias devido o seu adequado custo-benefício nas operações de transporte de carga. Como resultado, vagões localizados no trecho final da composição são freados posteriormente àqueles localizados no início, o que pode induzir a elevadas forças de impacto entre os vagões. A energia é absorvida e dissipada em tais impactos pelos componentes (ou aparelhos) de choque e tração. A modelagem e a simulação do funcionamento de tais aparelhos, portanto, é de grande importância para o estudo da dinâmica longitudinal de composições ferroviárias. O presente trabalho apresenta modelos computacionais para simulação em MATLAB/Simulink® dos esforços nos aparelhos de choque e tração entre vagões, devido à aplicação da carga motriz, frenagem e esforços resistivos ao movimento em composições ferroviárias de carga operantes nas ferrovias brasileiras. Os esforços entre vagões são determinados bem como as condições em que o impacto ocorre, contribuindo para a implementação de rotinas de operação seguras pelos engenheiros e técnicos. Nesse estudo, um perfil de via-permanente ideal é proposto considerando o movimento da composição ferroviária em retas tangentes, aclives, declives e curvas. O modelo consiste de uma composição de 104 veículos conectados por um modelo de aparelho de choque e tração com comportamento histerético e sujeito à ação de forças externas como resistência ao movimento, resistência à curvatura, forças de gravidade e frenagem pneumática. A modelagem do aparelho de choque e tração e a aplicação não linear dos freios influenciam a resposta do sistema dinâmico de forma realística. Finalmente, as previsões do modelo são comparadas com valores obtidos na literatura e em simuladores de composições ferroviárias Abstract: The pneumatic brake system is used in long freight railroad compositions, due to its adequate cost-benefit in train operation. As a result, the cars located at the rear end of the composition experience the braking effects after those located in front, which can induce high longitudinal forces and impact between the cars. This energy is absorbed and dissipated by the coupler and draft gear components, respectively, and, thus, their modelling and simulation are of great importance in the study of railway longitudinal vehicle dynamics. The present work presents computational models for simulation in MATLAB/Simulink® of in-train coupler forces due to application of traction forces, pneumatic brake and propulsion resistance of typical freight railroad compositions of Brazilian railway tracks. The in-train coupler forces are determined as well as the conditions in which the impact occur helping engineers to assess the train operational conditions. In this study an ideal railway track profile is proposed considering the train movement along tangent track, downgrades, upgrades and curving. The model consists of a train composition of 104 vehicles, connected by hysteretic draft gear mechanisms and subjected to external forces such as propulsion resistance, curving resistance, gravity forces and pneumatic braking application. The draft gear model and the non-linear application of the pneumatic brake system influence the dynamic behavior of the railroad composition in a realistic way. Finally, the model predictions are compared to results obtained in the literature and train simulators Mestrado Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico Mestre em Engenharia Mecânic

The impact of EU and Netherlands policies to instal public charging infrastructure (Levels 2 and 3) in the Netherlands: a case study of its financial viability

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:57:42 +0100

Jaidev Dhavle Technische Universität Wien, Master Thesis, 2017

Coordination in hinterland chains

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:56:47 +0100

TRAFFIC SAFETY INVESTIGATIONS FOR LOCAL AGENCIES

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:53:48 +0100

Traffic Safety Investigations for Local Agencies Jacob Daniel Hudson National and statewide (California) collision numbers are currently on the decline; however, the U.S. is declining at a much slower rate than most other developed countries, and in some aspects is actually regressing in terms of traffic safety. Although state highway safety is improving, local roadway safety may actually be regressing. Approximately three-quarters of all U.S. public roadways, and approximately 80% of all injury accidents fall under the jurisdiction of cities. However, cities may not be allocating the proper level of resources, or operating under the proper administrative methodologies to adequately address these safety issues. This research finds that on average, California cities are experiencing increasing annual collision rates. In particular, small cities with populations of less than 25,000 are experiencing the largest increases, whereas larger cities are experiencing static or slightly decreasing collision rates. California’s statewide collision statistics and the administration surveys conducted as part of this study indicate that there is a correlation between a city’s administrative analysis/mitigation methodologies and their annual collision rate trends. Specifically, cities with lower traffic engineering staff to population ratios tend to have increasing collision rates, as opposed to cities with high staff to population ratios, which have decreasing collision rates. Also, this research shows that cities that allocate more traffic safety resources to enforcement over engineering tend to have increasing collision rates, as opposed to cities allocating more resources to engineering that have decreasing collision rates. p. iv This research also finds that there are predominant and correctable factors that lead to the various collision types. Cities that employ routine system wide traffic safety audits addressing location-specific collision trends based on these predominant factors tend to have decreasing collision rates, as opposed to those that do not. In general, collision rates among U.S. cities are increasing largely due to increasing rates on roadways within the jurisdiction of smaller cities, most commonly with populations under 25,000. Over one-third of cities are not staffed at the proper levels, not allocating the necessary resources to traffic engineering activities, and are not employing an adequate evaluation/mitigation strategy. The findings of this study provide guidance and framework to cities for developing effective traffic safety strategies by identifying the characteristics of those cities that have been successful in reducing collision rates as examples. In particular the value of this research is important for non-engineering administrative staff and political bodies in terms of establishing appropriate staffing levels and resource allocations necessary for an effective traffic safety program. The findings of this study provide guidance and framework to cities for developing effective traffic safety policy preference by identifying the characteristics of those cities that have been successful in reducing collision rates as examples. In particular this research is important for non-engineering administrative staff and political bodies in terms of establishing appropriate staffing levels and resource allocations necessary for a transportation department to be effective in reducing traffic collisions and resulting damages.

Aplicação de sistemas de armazenamento de energia em redes de distribuição com elevada penetração de geração fotovoltaica e veículos elétricos

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:50:19 +0100

Orientador: Walmir de Freitas Filho Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-02T07:50:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_ViniciusCarnelossiDa_M.pdf: 4038550 bytes, checksum: 6170470e5d9ebd88b976d4f7f9b052d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 Resumo: A modernização dos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica e a redução dos custos associados aos sistemas de armazenamento de energia tem impulsionado a adoção destes equipamentos como forma de aumentar a flexibilidade de operação das redes de distribuição, com potencial para modificar um tradicional paradigma dos sistemas elétricos de potência: a geração instantânea de energia deve-se equiparar ao consumo. Tendo em vista que a crescente inserção nas redes de distribuição de tecnologias emergentes, tais como geradores fotovoltaicos e veículos elétricos, torna ainda mais desafiadora a tarefa de equilibrar geração e consumo, os sistemas de armazenamento de energia atraem o interesse de concessionárias devido à flexibilidade que estes equipamentos propiciam à operação dos modernos sistemas de distribuição. Considerando este cenário, a presente dissertação propõe-se a investigar os possíveis benefícios para as concessionárias de distribuição de energia elétrica referentes à instalação de sistemas de armazenamento de energia ao longo das redes de distribuição. Para tanto, avaliaram-se dois potenciais casos de aplicações destes sistemas, sendo estes: sistemas de armazenamentos de energia controlados pelos consumidores e sistemas de armazenamentos de energia controlados pela concessionária. Para o primeiro caso, avaliam-se os benefícios indiretos que a concessionária teria em caso de os consumidores que possuíssem tecnologias renováveis adotassem também os sistemas de armazenamento de energia para deslocamento do pico de demanda motivados pela tarifa horossazonal. Já para o segundo caso, desenvolveram-se duas estratégias de controle para sistemas de armazenamento controlados pelas concessionárias, sendo estes alocados nos transformadores de média/baixa tensão. Estas estratégias de controle visam à operação do sistema de armazenamento para redução do pico de demanda e melhora do fator de carga do transformador além de permitir o aumento de potência máxima de geração fotovoltaica nos consumidores sem que houvesse violações dos limites operacionais impostos por regulação. A principal vantagem das estratégias propostas consiste na desnecessidade de previsão de carregamento do transformador, o que evita investimentos em infraestrutura para coleta de dados, e de previsão de demanda/geração de energia ao longo da rede. Para os estudos realizados, utilizou-se uma abordagem probabilística baseada no método de Monte Carlo, motivada pela característica estocástica das tecnologias emergentes bem como pelas incertezas dos perfis de demanda dos consumidores. Por fim, as estratégias propostas foram simuladas em redes reais de distribuição empregando o ambiente de programação e análise Python juntamente com o software OpenDSS. Essa possibilidade de emprego dos sistemas de armazenamento de energia propicia um nível de flexibilidade nunca antes experimentado nos sistemas de energia elétrica, tanto na ponta da geração quanto na ponta do consumo e, de certo modo, rompe o paradigma histórico de que a geração deve responder instantaneamente ao consumo Abstract: The modernization of electric power distribution grids and the price reduction of energy storage systems are boosting the usage of such equipment as a way to increase the flexibility of distribution systems operation, with potential to change a traditional power systems paradigm establishing that generation should instantaneously match the consumption. Considering that the increasing penetration of emerging technologies at the distribution level, such as rooftop photovoltaic (PV) generators and electric vehicles (EV), increases the challenges in matching generation and consumption, energy storage systems attract the utilities interest due to the flexibility they bring to the operation of modern distribution systems. Based on this scenario, this M.Sc. thesis presents an investigation of potential benefits that utilities may have related to the usage of energy storage systems along the distribution networks. Two potential scenarios of energy storage operation were evaluated: energy storage systems controlled by customers and energy storage systems controlled by utilities. For the former, utilities may be indirectly beneficiated due to the mitigation of technical impacts related to the penetration of PV and EV propitiated by energy storage systems operating to shift the customers peak demand. Regarding the second energy storage application, two complementary methods were proposed to control storage operation for transformer peak shaving, improving its load factor and also unlocking the connection of more PV generation into the secondary low voltage networks. For this case, the storage is allocated on the secondary side of the medium/low voltage transformer. The main advantage of the proposed methods is the load and generation forecasting are not required. Finally, a Monte Carlo-based probabilistic assessment, able to cope the inherent uncertainties of modern distribution networks, is presented using Python scripts to simulate in OpenDSS the operation of those storage systems in a real distribution network, demonstrating the performance of the proposed control modes Mestrado Energia Eletrica Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica CNPQ

Controle descentralizado do carregamento dos veículos elétricos usando apenas medições locais de magnitude de tensão = Decentralized electrical vehicles charging coordination using only local voltage magnitude measurements

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:48:31 +0100

Orientador: Marcos Julio Rider Flores Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-02T04:44:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ruiz_JohnEdissonCardona_M.pdf: 2084039 bytes, checksum: 64b5907264043f865020187e07020ca3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentada uma nova estratégia de gerenciamento do carregamento de Veículos Elétricos (VEs) através de um enfoque de controle descentralizado, considerando-se apenas o conhecimento do histórico da magnitude de tensão em cada ponto de carga onde um VE pode ser conectado. Procurou-se garantir os limites operacionais de magnitude de tensão e minimizar a sobrecarga dos transformadores de distribuição. Para diminuir o custo da energia fornecida aos VEs foi incorporada uma estratégia de carregamento com base na preferência de carga do usuário, no custo da energia e no histórico do caminho percorrido pelos veículos, informações que podem ser obtidas via internet das coisas (IoT). O método foi avaliado em um sistema teste de distribuição trifásico desequilibrado de 178 nós, que considera tanto o sistema primário quanto o secundário, onde são analisados variados níveis de penetração de VEs e o funcionamento ante a operação de um regulador de tensão (RT). Para avaliar o desempenho da metodologia proposta foram utilizadas simulações de Monte Carlo (MC), considerando diferentes cenários estocásticos de carregamento dos VEs, estado inicial das baterias e demandas convencionais; também analisando diferentes cenários de operação, como o carregamento sem controle e o carregamento descentralizado com e sem prioridade de usuário. Finalmente, os resultados do esquema de carregamento proposto são comparados com uma técnica de carregamento centralizada baseada num modelo de programação linear inteiro misto Abstract: A new decentralized approach for the charging coordination of electric vehicles (EVs) connected to electrical distribution systems (EDS) is presented. The proposed charging coordination uses historic information of the voltage magnitudes at each load node in which an EV is being charged to guarantee that voltage magnitudes will be above their lower limits and distribution transformers will not reach their overload capacity. Furthermore, information gathered via Internet of Things (IoT), such as user¿s priorities, cost of energy and EV¿s historic routes can be used by the proposed decentralized approach to diminish the cost of the energy supplied to the EVs. The method was tested using an unbalanced three-phase EDS with 178 nodes, different EV penetration levels and a fixed voltage regulator case. Monte Carlo simulations have been implemented to analyze the performance of the proposed approach in different stochastic EVs charging scenarios, initial state of the batteries, and conventional demands. Also analyzing operating scenarios with and without charging control, and with or without user¿s priorities. Finally, results are compared with the solution found by a centralized EV charging coordination approach based on a mixed-integer linear programming mode Mestrado Energia Eletrica Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica CAPES

Using the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram to Characterize the Traffic Flow in Urban Network

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:48:17 +0100

Various theories have been proposed to describe vehicular traffic flow in cities on an aggregate level. This dissertation work shows that a number of MFDs exist in an urban network. The number of MFDs basically indicate the existence of different levels of service on different network routes. It also demonstrate that the modification of control strategy can optimize the signal timing plan for the links with high congestion and spillbacks. With the proposed control strategy, the location of points are shifted from lower MFDs to upper MFDs which means the congestion are reduced and the overall network traffic flow operation is improved. In this thesis, the emergency vehicle preemption (EVP) operation is also evaluated by using the MFDs. The concept of MFD can help to illustrate the effect on various types of roads due to EVP operation. The results show that the volume of links along the emergency route is increased and the volume of other links closed to the emergency route is decreased due to preemption. The researchers and practitioners can apply the proposed approach to identify the affected links and minimize the total network delay during EVP. Master of Science

A distributed intelligent maintenance system based on artificial immune approach and multi-agent systems

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:38:17 +0100

Logistics for maintenance services for a wide geographically dispersed applications, such as oil transfer systems via pipelines or waste water treatment, have high cost and standard approaches usually lead to sub-optimal solutions. In this paper, an innovative architecture able to improve the performance, called Artificial Immune Intelligent Maintenance System (AI2MS) was proposed. This architecture merges the advantages of two different methodology: Artificial Immune System (AIS) and Multi Agent System (MAS) in order to to build up an intelligent maintenance system that can operates either in an autonomous or cooperative way to forecast the maintenance needs (time to fault and required supply parts) and improve the maintenance schedule and costs.

When Colours Matter : A Case Study of Perceived Usability and Perceived Easiness of Adaptation among Air Traffic Controllers Being Presented to a New Colour Scheme in their ATM System

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:35:38 +0100

Colours play an important role in our everyday life. Yet, it is something that we might not pay too much attention to, it is just there, even if we may have our favourite colours and likewise. However, sometimes the colours have a very specific meaning and is a medium of communication. One example of this is air traffic control systems as the one used in Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Ireland, and Croatia. However, despite using the same system, all but Denmark and Sweden use different colour schemes in the human computer interface of the radar screens. A decision was taken within the common organisation, COOPANS, to change this and harmonize the colour scheme, but how will that be received by the users, the air traffic controllers? This thesis aimed at investigating how usable the controllers in the different countries, except Croatia, found the new colour scheme and how easy they thought it would be to adapt to. The question was how this was affected by the fact they are using different colour schemes today? Data was collected with questionnaires during simulations in high fidelity simulator platforms at the air traffic control centres in Malmö, Copenhagen, Vienna, and Shannon. It was found that there were some differences between the sites which could not be explained by the controlled for factors, age, gender, and experience. Among the differences found, one was that the perceived usability differed between controllers in Malmö and Copenhagen respectively. Hence, since they are using the same colours today, the differences seem to be a result of expectations and opinions about the current colour schemes rather than exactly which colour scheme that are currently used. There was also a trend that the opinions from the first impression seemed to be reinforced within the group during the simulation. The major differences however were found to be on individual level.

Benchmarking of Smart Grid Conceptsin Low-Voltage Distribution Grids

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:23:16 +0100

Due to increasing penetration of decentralized variable renewable energy generators and the increasing demand of electrical power due to the electrification of the heat and transport sectors, low voltage grids are facing critical problems. Deviation of the permitted voltage range and local overloads of the grid equipment, are the two main issues that are compromising a smooth distribution grid operation. An intelligent integration of distributed generators, heat-pumps and electric vehicles into a Smart Grid, allows the flexibility that they intrinsically provide, to be used by distribution system operators to avoid critical grid conditions. Smart grid suppliers currently available on the market, have been categorized into Local, Decentralized and Centralized Smart Grid Concepts. Their main difference is represented by the level of control, communication and coordination that they make use of. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the effectiveness of solution of the Smart Grid Concepts implementation in specific low voltage grids, especially in term of voltages and loadings mitigation capabilities, to be used as a decision making tool for future smart grid implementations. A control architecture that emulates the way the analyzed Smart Grid Concepts operate, has been implemented in Python and tested on three different low voltage distribution networks in DigSILENT PowerFactory. The control architecture is an algorithm that communicates to DigSILENT PowerFactory how the Smart Grid needs to operate in response to detected critical grid conditions. The flexibility that the Smart Grid Concepts make use of, are battery storage, active power curtailment and reactive power compensation from photovoltaic inverters and demand side management by means of electric vehicles and heat pumps. In particular, in order to make most use of the available flexibility, an intelligent electric vehicles charging strategy has been implemented as well as an intelligent heat pump operation. Both static worst-case simulations and time-dependent simulations, over a winter and a summer day, for different penetration scenarios, have been carried out. The summary of the simulation results showed that while the Decentralized Smart Grid Concept, if the flexibility is available, is always able to keep voltages and loadings between their critical values, the Local Smart Grid Concept is not able to do the same for the loadings. På grund av ökad penetration av decentraliserade variabla förnybara energikällor och den ökande efterfrågan på elkraft på grund av elektrifiering av värme- och transportsektorn, står lågspänningsnätet inför kritiska problem. Avvikelse av det tillåtna spänningsområdet och lokala överbelastningar av nätutrustningen är de två huvudproblemen som äventyrar en smidig nätdrift. En intelligent integration av distribuerade generatorer, värmepumpar och elektriska fordon i ett smart nät, tillåter flexibiliteten som de egentligen tillhandahåller, för att undvika kritiska rutnätförhållanden. Smartnätleverantörer som för närvarande är tillgängliga på marknaden har system som kategoriserats som lokalt, decentraliserat och centralt Smart Grid Concepts. Deras huvudsakliga skillnad representeras av den nivå av kontroll, kommunikation och samordning som de utnyttjar. Syftet med avhandlingen var att utvärdera effektiviteten av lösningen av implementeringen av Smart Grid Concepts i specifika lågspänningsnät, särskilt när det gäller spänningar och belastningsreducerande förmågor, som ska användas som beslutsverktyg för framtida smarta nätverksimplementeringar. En reglerarkitektur som emulerar hur ett analyserat Smart Grid Concepts fungerar, har implementerats i Python och testats på tre olika lågspänningsdistributionsnä i DigSILENT PowerFactory. Kontrollarkitekturen är en algoritm som kommunicerar med DigSILENT PowerFactory hur Smart Grid bör fungera som svar på detekterade kritiska gridförhållanden. Den flexibilitet som Smart Grid Concepts använder sig av är batterilagring, aktiv strömavbrott och reaktiv effektkompensation från fotovoltaiska omvandlare och efterfrågesidan hantering med elbilar och värmepumpar. I synnerhet för att på bästa sätt utnyttja den tillgängliga flexibiliteten har en intelligent laddningsstrategi för elfordon implementerats liksom en intelligent värmepumpsoperation. Både statiska wärsta fall simuleringar och tidsberoende simuleringar, över en vinter och en sommardag, för olika penetrationsscenarier har utförts. Sammanfattningen av simuleringsresultaten visade att medan det decentraliserade Smart Grid Conceptet, om flexibiliteten är tillgänglig, alltid kan hålla spänningar och belastningar mellan sina kritiska värden, kan det lokala Smart Grid Concepts inte göra samma för belastningarna.

Mixed H2/H and predictive adaptive cruise control : design, evaluation and comparison

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:20:54 +0100

ngereicht von Roman Schmied Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache Universität Linz, Dissertation, 2017 OeBB

Carbon dioxide abatement options for heavy-duty vehicles and future vehicle fleet scenarios for Finland, Sweden and Norway

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:12:39 +0100

Road transport is responsible for a significant share of the global GHG emissions. In order to address the increasing trend of road vehicle emissions, due to its heavy reliance on oil, Nordic countries have set ambitious goals and policies for the reduction of road transport GHG emissions. Despite the fact that the latest developments in the passenger car segment are leading towards the progressive electrification of the fleet, the decarbonization of heavy-duty vehicle segment presents significant challenges that are yet to be overcome. This study focuses, on the first part, on the regulatory framework of fuel economy standards of road vehicles, highlighting the absence of a European regulation on fuel efficiency for the heavy-duty sector. Energy efficiency technologies can be grouped mainly in vehicle technologies, driveline and powertrain technologies, and alternative fuels. The fuel efficiency of HDVs can be positively improved at different vehicle levels, but the technology benefit and its economic feasibility are heavily dependent on the vehicle type and the operational cycle considered. The electrification pathway has the potential of reducing the carbon emission to a great extent, but the current battery technologies have proven to be not cost efficient for the heavy vehicles, because of the high purchase price and the low range, related to the battery cost and inferior energy density compared to conventional liquid fuels. A scenario development model has been created in order to estimate and quantify the impact of future developments and emission reduction measures in Finland, Sweden and Norway for the timeframe 2016-2050, with a focus on 2030 results. Two scenarios concerning the powertrain developments of heavy-duty vehicles and buses have been created, a conservative scenario and electric scenario, as well as vehicle efficiency improvements and fuel consumption scenarios. Additional sets of parameters have been estimated as input for the model, such as national transport need and load assumptions. The results highlight the challenges of achieving the national GHG emission reduction targets with the current measures in all three countries. The slow fleet renewal rates and the high forecasted increase of transport need limit the benefits of alternative and more efficient powertrains introduced in the fleet by new vehicles. The heavy-duty transport is expected to maintain its heavy reliance on diesel fuel and hinder the improvements of the light-duty segments. A holistic approach is needed to reduce the GHG emissions from road transport, including more efficient powertrains, higher biofuel shares and progressive electrification.

Densidad Digital: la Causa de los Procesos de Transformación Digital

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:11:58 +0100

Digital technologies have increased the influence of technology in business, even changing busi- ness models and strategies of organisations. This influence, called Digital Transformation of Business (DT), happens when there is an increase of the number of digital connections, infor- mation and interactions. This phenomena has been defined as Digital Density (DD) and aims to provide an assessment of the digitalization status of an organization. With the concept of DD we propose the DD Framework, that has two parts: qualitative and quantitative. In order to support both parts we simulate the effect that a platform for smartphones called Waze has on the traffic flow of a city. For the qualitative side, we redefine the concept of DD and with Business Model CANVAS we compare the changes introduced by Waze in the business model. The quantitative part of the simulation is performed with MATLAB and its goal is to under- stand how an agent chooses the path to drive from point A to point B. As expected, we prove that with more information agents can estimate better the costs of the different paths. Despite, even if our simulation seems to prove that the more information the agents have the better the system works, we introduce an analogy with the Braess Paradox to find potential problems and provide solutions for them. We conclude with a proposal of future work.

Prioritizing Infrastructure Investments in Panama : Pilot Application of the World Bank Infrastructure Prioritization Framework

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 20:25:54 +0100

Infrastructure services are significant determinants of economic development, social welfare, trade, and public health. As such, they typically feature strongly in national development plans. While governments may receive many infrastructure project proposals, however, resources are often insufficient to finance the full set of proposals in the short term. Leading up to 2020, an estimated US$836 billion - 1 trillion will be required each year to meet growth targets worldwide (Ruiz-Nunez and Wei, 2014; World Bank). Global estimates of infrastructure investments required to support economic growth and human development lie in the range of US$65-70 trillion by 2030 (OECD, 2006), while the estimated pool of available funds is limited to approximately US$45 trillion (B20, 2014). The past twenty years have also seen a shift towards decentralized infrastructure planning. Many subnational governments, regional entities, and sector agencies have been delegated responsibility for infrastructure planning promote local responsiveness, but responsibility for allocating funds often remains with a centralized finance agency (CFA). While constituencies may propose numerous projects, governments often have insufficient financial resources to implement the full suite of proposals. This report presents the IPF methodology and results of the pilot application to a select set of transport and water and sanitation projects in Panama. The report first gives background information on infrastructure prioritization in Panama, then follows with a description of the IPF in technical and implementation terms. Next, we present the results of the pilot and close with recommendations for implementing IPF to a wider set of projects.

Assessing State Efforts to Integrate Transportation, Land Use and Climate

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 20:19:31 +0100

Bicycle planning - A literature review

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 20:08:47 +0100

Increased bicycling is of great importance for a sustainable transport system. This report is the result of a literature study concerning how different factors associated with bicycle planning influence the propensity to choose the bicycle for transportation. The literature study was carried out in the search engine GoogleScholar and only scientific papers, articles and books were included. Through this literature review, knowledge has been gathered concerning bicycleplanning, policies and other factors that influence the use of the bicycle in daily transport. Through the literature study it became evident that the attractiveness of the bicycle should be seen in relation to the car. If it is more attractive to use motorised modes of transport (e.g. through parking norms, costs, level of service) it will be hard to convince people to use the bike instead of the car. It also became clear that there are big differences in how research concerningbicycling and bicycle planning is conducted and there is e.g. no research based on before- and after studies. Despite this, the results are often very consistent. For instance, the results show that the bicycle infrastructure is of great importance. This implies that if appropriate infrastructure is build people tend to use the bicycle more often. In terms of policy, the time factor seems to be an important issue. This in turn implies, with policies and strategies being consistent over longer time intervals, the impact on the use of the bicycle increases.

Assessment of connecting electric vehicles charging points at B:SM facilities to railway infrastructure

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 20:06:20 +0100

Sol·licitant de l’informe: Barcelona de Serveis Municipals, S.A. (BSM)

Historical transport policy developments in 5 European capital-cities: do policies matter?

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:55:23 +0100

part of the CREATE project, the primary goal of WP4 is to analyse the historical ‘Transport Policy Evolution Cycle’ processes in Stage 3 cities, by identifying the qualitative factors that have enabled – or hindered – a shift from Stage 1 “urban congestion growth” to Stage 3“encouraging sustainable mobility and liveable cities” policies, and highlighting lessons to be learnt in order to speedup these processes in Stage 1 cities. This is the first WP4 technical report. It introduces the common analytic framework, methodology and data collection strategy that is applied in WP4. It also provides a first assessment of the spatial and chronological perimeter it targets, a brief mapping out of multi-level institutional and transport governance settings in the five Stage 3 cities, including a chronology of the shift from Stage 1 to Stage 3 and. Most of the work introduced in this report was done in close cooperation with partners across the five cities and with other WPs in the CREATE project. This first internal report is organized in five sections. First it discusses the relevance of the “Transport Policy Evolution Cycle” approach for understanding the long-term evolution of transport policy developments in European capital-cities. Second, drawing on the policy studies and urban governance literatures, it it introduces the common analytic framework for the work done as part of WP4. Third, it introduces the research design, methodology and data collection strategy applied in WP4. Fourth, it develops a short case-by-case analysis of the current state of urban sustainable mobility policies and governance across the five cases under scrutiny. Based on this first case-by case assessment of data availability in all five cities, it discusses next steps.

Petra Governance Handbook - WP7 – Governance structures & business models: D7.3: Governance Handbook

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:40:22 +0100

This document represents the governance handbook on mobility data platforms for the PETRA project. The governance handbook provides metropolitan authorities contemplating the implementation of a mobility data platform in line with the PETRA project about governance issues and design."br/"The analysis has shown mobility data platforms with the reach of PETRA are not available, however a variety of solutions of both the platform and the app exist in various situations. Of those, 13 were analyses to understand how governance shapes the solutions implemented and what the solutions implemented need from governance. The results do not provide a single best solution of governance for three reasons. First, mobility data platforms will land in a variety of (governance) contexts. Assuming that authorities would be willing to fully adjust their governance for the implementation of a mobility data platform is naïve. Second, mobility data platforms can come in a variety of forms. The governance has to align with the particular implementation. Third, governance solutions consist of a great deal of element that not necessarily always act uniformly, and as such, not always act predictably in various contexts. Because of that variability the handbook highlights key mechanisms that authorities working on the governance of a mobility data platform should take in to account, rather than provide a theoretical and unrealistic single optimal governance design. The report adapts a column structure to align with this focus on specific mechanisms to take into account. It also provides specific readers with a planned route through the different columns."br/"The governance handbook was developed based on the analysis of 13 case studies and the three demonstrators. The provided the input to understand the relation between the specific implementation of a mobility data platform and a governance context. Desk research and interviews provided the understanding of those cases, the types of data input, the function of the platform in terms of data linking, capture, retention, storage, aggregation, and modelling, the data output and a possible mobile application. The key question in the cases was to understand organisational links of the stakeholders providing the data and using the data, and the links to the stakeholders with an interest in the various functionalities of the platform in terms of data handling. From these links we could further understand how decision-making on the platform was structured and what outcomes of that decision-making could be expected."br/"The report starts with an instruction on the overall project, followed by a prologue, that sets the scene. This is followed by a number of theoretical columns, highlighting understood mechanisms from organisational science and public administration that showed to be relevant in the cases and demonstrators. After these, empirical columns highlight mechanisms that were recognised in the cases studied, and that illustrate the complex and varied contexts of mobility data platforms and how to align the governance to specific goals. Finally, five syntheses are given, including a business case, a set of models, and different governance design routes.

Forecasting Travel Time Reliability in Road Transport

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:28:45 +0100

In this paper we describe how we included travel time variability in the national Dutch transport forecasting model and what the policy impacts of this new forecasting tool are. Until now, travel time reliability improvements for road projects were included in Dutch cost-benefit analysis (CBA) by multiplying the travel time benefits from reduced congestion by a factor 1.25. This proportionality is based on the linkage between congestion reduction and reliability improvements. However, this treatment of reliability is not useful to evaluate policies that especially affect travel time variability. From the start, this method was provisional and meant to be replaced by a better method capturing travel time variability. For this, we derived an empirical relation between the standard deviation of travel time, mean delay of travel time and length of route. This has been implemented in the national Dutch model as a post processing module. The new travel time reliability forecasting model will be incorporated in the Dutch guidelines for CBA.

Evaluation of the Performance of the Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (SCATS) on Powell Boulevard in Portland, OR

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:21:54 +0100

The Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (SCATS) is used to mitigate traffic congestion along urban arterial corridors. Although there has been research on SCATS’ performance, this report combines three different areas of research about SCATS that are not known to be represented in any research literature. These include: (a) the relationship between SCATS, traffic volumes, and Transit Signal Priority (TSP); (b) between TSP and traffic conditions; and (c) the correlation between signal timing and air quality; in particular, human exposure to the air pollutant PM2.5 at intersections. In addition, this research looked at the key factors affecting transit user exposure to traffic-related pollutants at bus shelters. All areas of study present the results of statistical tests and regressions to determine SCATS or traffic variables impacts. SCATS did show statistically significant improvements regarding traffic speeds at one minor intersection, even when traffic volumes showed a statistically significant improvement. At a major intersection, results were mixed and not conclusive. Overall, it was determined that the improvements available through SCATS vary depending on the time of day and the direction of travel. TSP was not negatively affected by SCATS. In controlling for both priority and traffic conditions, each were shown to have a distinguished and significant impact on bus travel time. Non-priority signals had a much greater impact on travel time than priority signals (11.0 and 0.6 seconds for the corridor model, respectively). In controlling for both priority and traffic conditions, each were shown to have a distinguished and significant impact on travel time. Utilizing a regression model, results in an intuitive ranking of the intersections’ delay was produced; major intersections with high traffic volumes on crossing streets are likely to not experience TSP benefits. To a high degree, this research has shown that pedestrian exposure can be considered as an outcome of traffic-signal timing decisions made by cities and counties. The statistical results have shown the high impact that signal timing and queuing have on pedestrian level exposure. Heavy vehicle volume was a significant variable as well as the presence of buses. The reduction of bus idling time through more efficient operations and transit-signal priority is likely to reduce pedestrian and transit users’ pollution exposure levels. Longer green times along the main corridor are able to significantly reduce particulate matter for transit users and pedestrians waiting at the sidewalk of the intersection, whereas time allocated to cross the street increases queuing and exposure along the main corridor. The impact of heavy-duty diesel engines is also clear. The reduction of bus idling time through more efficient operations and transit-signal priority is likely to reduce pedestrian and transit users’ pollution exposure levels. Transit agencies can also reduce pollution significantly by improving the efficiency and cleanliness of their engines. TriMet (the local transit agency) initiatives to improve fuel efficiency by installing EMP engine-cooling devices not only improve fuel efficiency, but also air quality. Finally, significant reductions in transit users’ exposure to traffic-related pollution can be made at bus stops by properly orienting the shelter and by reducing bus idling.

Review of Quantitative Monitoring Methodologies for Emissions Verification and Accounting for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage for California’s Greenhouse Gas Cap-and-Trade and Low-Carbon Fuel Standard Programs

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:19:07 +0100

uthor(s): Oldenburg, Curtis M.; Birkholzer, Jens T. | Abstract: The Cap-and-Trade and Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) programs being administered by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) include Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) as a potential means to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, there is currently no universal standard approach that quantifies GHG emissions reductions for CCS and that is suitable for the quantitative needs of the Cap-and-Trade and LCFS programs. CCS involves emissions related to the capture (e.g., arising from increased energy needed to separate carbon dioxide (CO2) from a flue gas and compress it for transport), transport (e.g., by pipeline), and storage of CO2 (e.g., due to leakage to the atmosphere from geologic CO2 storage sites). In this project, we reviewed and compared monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA) protocols for CCS from around the world by focusing on protocols specific to the geologic storage part of CCS. In addition to presenting the review of these protocols, we highlight in this report those storage-related MVA protocols that we believe are particularly appropriate for CCS in California. We find that none of the existing protocols is completely appropriate for California, but various elements of all of them could be adopted and/or augmented to develop a rigorous, defensible, and practical surface leakage MVA protocol for California. The key features of a suitable surface leakage MVA plan for California are that it: (1) informs and validates the leakage risk assessment, (2) specifies use of the most effective monitoring strategies while still being flexible enough to accommodate special or site-specific conditions, (3) allow quantification of stored CO2, and (4) offer defensible estimates of uncertainty in monitored properties. California’s surface leakage MVA protocol needs to be applicable to the main CO2 storage opportunities (in California and in other states with entities participating in California’s Cap-and-Trade or LCFS programs), specifically CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR), CO2 injection into depleted gas reservoirs (with or without CO2-enhanced gas recovery (CO2-EGR)), as well as deep saline storage. Regarding the elements of an effective surface leakage MVA protocol, our recommendations for California are that: (1) both CO2 and methane (CH4) surface leakage should be monitored, especially for enhanced recovery scenarios, (2) emissions from all sources not directly related to injection and geologic storage (e.g., from capture, pipeline transport, etc.) should be monitored and reported under a plan separate from the surface leakage MVA plan that is included as another component of the quantification methodology (QM), (3) the primary objective of the surface leakage MVA plan should be to quantify surface leakage of CO2 and CH4 and its uncertainty, with consideration of best-practices and state-of-the-art approaches to monitoring including attribution assessment, (4) effort should be made to monitor CO2 storage and migration in the subsurface to anticipate future surface leakage monitoring needs, (5) detailed descriptions of specific monitoring technologies and approaches should be provided in the MVA plan, (6) the main purpose of the CO2 injection project (CO2-EOR, CO2-EGR, or pure geologic carbon sequestration (GCS)) needs to be stated up front, (7) approaches to dealing with missing data and quantifying uncertainty need to be described, and (8) post-injection monitoring should go on for a period consistent with or longer than that prescribed by the U.S. EPA.

Maintaining Safe, Efficient and Sustainable Intermodal Transport Through the Port of Portland

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:13:42 +0100

out $15 billion of freight passes annually through the Lower Columbia River (LCR) navigation channel to reach Portland and Vancouver, where most of it connects with land transport. This commerce plays a vital role in sustaining the regional economy and connecting Oregon to the global economy. The timely connection of truck and rail transport with vessels is vital, especially for export traffic. This link is susceptible to disruption if water depths in the navigation channel are shallower than expected, leading to delays and/or draft limitations. Moreover, ship drafts have increased in recent decades, 25% of the vessels calling in the river sail with a draft close to the channel depth at low water, and these carry roughly 70% of the cargo. A large vessel may have as little as 0.6 m bed clearance when it passes through a low-tide point in the river, which each vessel in transit must do. Thus, prediction and real-time communication of water level to vessels is vital to safety as well as efficiency. This has been implemented through the LOADMAX system, consisting of telemetered water-level gauges and a forecast model. Moreover, the dilemma has been made more critical by changes in the river – low water levels in the river channel between Wauna and Vancouver have decreased 0.3-1.2 m since 1940. The rate of decrease depends on location and riverflow, but appears to have accelerated in the last decade. The reasons for this decrease are not understood. For perspective, an ongoing 0.9 m channel deepening will cost about $150 million when completed, so unintended decreases in water depths are expensive as well as potentially dangerous. Lower water levels in the river also increase carbon emissions, because smaller loads mean more land and vessel transport trips. Further, navigation and salmon habitat restoration are closely connected. Dredging is used to maintain the channel, and habitat restoration is an integral part of the channel deepening. New dredging strategies are needed to maintain the newly deepened channel, but dredging that removes material permanently from the river may further lower water levels, limiting possibilities for habitat restoration and reducing bed clearance for large ships. These problems will be exacerbated by future decreases in summer river flows due to climate change.

Analysis of Travel Time Reliability for Freight Corridors Connecting the Pacific Northwest

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:13:16 +0100

Why are individuals likely to change to sustainable modes of transport like carsharing and electric vehicles? An empirical analysis

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:04:00 +0100

Replacing conventional vehicles by electric vehicles (EVs) and increasing the use of carsharing are two strategies to reduce the environmental impact of car driving. However such a societal transition towards the use of more sustainable modes of transport will strongly depend on citizens' willingness to support this process. For this reason, this paper tries to identify factors which are related to the individual likelihood to change to more sustainable modes of transport. It draws on an adapted version of Rogers' diffusion of innovation model (DOI) and earlier work by the authors. It presents new findings from an online survey (n=1548) in one of Germany's show case regions for electric vehicles. Findings point out that relatively small shares of respondents already use these sustainable modes of transport (.6% for EV ownership and 5.3% for carsharing). Similarly, the shares of individuals who are very likely to use them in the near future (4.2% and 4.6% respectively) are also small. Much more individuals are interested in EVs (55.9%) than in carsharing (21.2%), and large groups are not interested (37.7% for EVs, 68.9% for carsharing). There are several significant sociodemographic differences between the respective four adoption groups. Furthermore, consistently, evluations are significantly more positive the higher the likeliness of adoption across groups. Based on regression models, it turns out that perceived compatibility with daily life is the most important factor influencing the attitudes towards EVs or carsharing across all groups.

Integrated Approaches to EV Charging Infrastructure and Transit System Planning

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:00:57 +0100

Electrification of city bus traffic : - a simulation study based on data from Linköping

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:58:27 +0100

Flexible and economic systems for electric operation of road vehicles is an area of interest for researchand development. This report applies such systems to the operation of city buses in Linköping. An LTHdeveloped software for simulations and economic optimizations of such systems is used and a few systemdesigns are presented. The tested systems differ in selection of bus lines and the type of chargingsystem: bus stop charger, high power bus stop charger and electric road. An attempt to a realistic costand performance estimate of the main components is presented. All buses are assumed to operatewith the same time table as today. Under some of the assumptions these systems are shown to becost competitive to diesel and gas buses in addition to being quieter and without local pollution. Thisresult is however uncertain due to the difficulty in predicting the cost of new technologies and due toother sources of error such as error in assumed energy consumption.

Portable Modular Conveyor

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:56:27 +0100

The Portable Modular Conveyor-Material Placer (PMC) is a quick, easy, dependable and cost effective way to place materials in the limits of the confined grade or work area. This specialized piece of equipment was developed to place concrete in front of a concrete slip form-paving machine. The typical method of placing concrete requires a self-propelled belt placer, which is very expensive to purchase and mobilize to the jobsite. The PMC creates a significant cost savings in labor and equipment with the PMC. It is a direct replacement for conventional material placing equipment, including all in grade belt placing machines. As well as placing concrete, it is capable of placing asphalt, aggregate, sand, topsoil, or any flow-able materials. The Portable Modular Conveyor was conceived in the summer of 2007 to minimize mobilization expense, increase portability, and enhanced productivity. It is a unique solution to material placement, and has a patent award (Patent Number: 6034-01001) from the United States Patent Office. It was first used on the reconstruction of Carpenter Road in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in the fall of 2007. In August of 2008 the second Prototype was used on an I-75 reconstruction project near Saginaw, Michigan, on a concrete overlay project at the Cobb County Airport in Kennesaw, Georgia, at Detroit Metropolitan Airport North Terminal Project and various other paving projects in Michigan.

Transport and storage of cut roses: endless possibilities? : guide of practice for sea freight of cut roses developed within GreenCHAINge project

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:52:27 +0100

ACTIVAGE - Detailed experiment plan IV DS4 RER contribution

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:52:03 +0100

Definition of the individual experiment plan for the DS4 in the Emilia Romagna region (Italy).

Tourism

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:51:51 +0100

This is a background paper to the Pacific Possible report. For many Pacific Island countries, tourism is the main economic opportunity to generate incomes and jobs. This report suggests that increasing tourism demand in four areas could drive growth of tourism arrivals in the Pacific: Increasing demand from Chinese tourists, retired persons, high income individuals, and cruise ship operators. It sets out key actions to capitalize on these potential sources of increased demand and ensure the development of the tourism sector in an environmentally, socially, and culturally sustainable manner.

Multimodal Transportation Planning Curriculum for Urban Planning Programs

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:41:00 +0100

Fieldwork Entrepreneurs in Toronto, Canada

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:39:52 +0100

nalysis of how urban diversity and policies and arrangements with respect to urban diversity affect different population groups living in cities in terms of economic performance and to clarify who (which social groups) profit and how they profit.

Political Economy of Regional Integration in Sub-Saharan Africa

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:39:28 +0100

Regional integration in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is crucial for its further economic development and, more importantly, its structural transformation away from agriculture towards higher value-added activities, such as manufacturing and services. Yet there are many paths towards greater integration, some of which are easier than others. In order to gain insights into how regional integration is occurring in SSA, determine impediments to it, and develop recommendations for how the World Bank and other development agencies can help further facilitate it, the World Bank commissioned a set of political economy of regional integration studies covering sector analyses of agriculture, financial services, professional services, trade facilitation, and transport. This report summarizes the findings from the sector studies and suggests recommendations for further efforts in these areas by the World Bank and other development agencies. In a comparative context, the findings of the studies suggest cautious optimism for regional integration efforts in sub-Saharan Africa. Economic integration is more likely to succeed when it occurs alongside regional attempts at improving political stability and or developing joint infrastructure.

Urban Development in Phnom Penh

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:39:17 +0100

Urbanization presents an enormous opportunity for Cambodia. As has been demonstrated in countries around the world, urbanization is a driving force for growth and poverty reduction. Given Cambodia’s relatively early stage of urbanization, there is still an important opportunity to shape the future direction of urbanization. To positively shape the future of Cambodian cities, strong institutions for urban planning and management, collaboration across agencies, and a sustained commitment to the importance of principles of sustainability and inclusion will be needed. This report provides a summary of key issues related to urbanization in Cambodia, with a particular focus on Phnom Penh given its role as the country’s largest and most prosperous city. Section one provides context on urbanization, institutional and financial arrangements, urban planning, urban service delivery, and sustainability and inequality. Section two focuses in on three underlying constraints to efficient urbanization and section three includes priorities for Phnom Penh as a competitive, sustainable, and inclusive city.

Haitian Cities : Actions for Today with an Eye on Tomorrow

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:35:09 +0100

Today, more than half of Haiti's population calls cities and towns their home, in a major shift from the 1950s when around 90 percent of Haitians lived in the countryside. Urbanization is usually paired with economic growth, increased productivity, and higher living standards, but in Haiti it has taken a different course. Potential benefits have been overshadowed by immense challenges, all of which require immediate action. To better understand the factors that constrain the sustainable and inclusive development of Haitian cities, this Urbanization Review organizes the challenges along three dimensions of urban development namely planning, connecting, and financing. Planning reviews the challenges in supporting resilient growth to create economically vibrant, environmentally sustainable, and livable cities. Connecting focuses on the obstacles of physically linking people to jobs and businesses to markets, while financing focuses on identifying the key capital, governance, and institutional constraints that are hurdles to successful planning and connecting.

Caution, Drivers! Children Present: Traffic, Pollution, and Infant Health

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:29:10 +0100

Since the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA), atmospheric concentration of local pollutants has fallen drastically. A natural question is whether further reductions will yield additional health benefits. We further this research by addressing two related research questions: (1) what is the impact of automobile driving (and especially congestion) on ambient air pollution levels, and (2) what is the impact of modern air pollution levels on infant health? Our setting is California (with a focus on the Central Valley and Southern California) in the years 2002-2007. Using an instrumental variables approach that exploits the relationship between traffic, ambient weather conditions, and various pollutants, our findings suggest that ambient pollution levels, specifically particulate matter, still have large impacts on weekly infant mortality rates. Our results also illustrate the importance of weather controls in measuring pollution's impact on infant mortality.

Services and Manufacturing Linkages : An Empirical Analysis for Lao PDR

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:24:46 +0100

This report seeks to shed light on the ways in which the services sector has contributed to Lao PDR’s competitiveness and integration into the global marketplace. It focuses on two complementary roles that the services sector plays: first, as an avenue for export diversification and growth and, second,by providing inputs into other productive sectors of the economy, such as the manufacturing sector. As economies grow, the importance of the services sector generally increases, but its role as an enabler of other sectors of the economy in moving up the value chain is frequently overlooked. However, the services sector is critical in raising competitiveness of these other sectors to boost growth and create better quality jobs. The main policy recommendations that emerge from this report are aimed at increasing competition in the services sector, reducing distortive regulations, and opening up the sector to foreign participation, building up skills, both at the individual and at the firm level, and investing in hard and soft infrastructure to promote the development of the sector.

Sustainable Urban Transport for Kyiv : Towards a Sustainable and Competitive City Built Upon the Legacy System and Innovations

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:20:05 +0100

This report presents the scope and findings of the Economic Sector Work on Sustainable Urban Transport for the City of Kyiv, financed jointly by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) and the Korea Green Growth Trust Fund (KGGTF). The analysis consists of a rigorous evidence-based review of the strengths and weaknesses of Kyiv’s public transport system and a proposed plan improve its network and operational efficiency. It directly addresses the City Administration’s aim to develop practically-focused proposals for optimizing Kyiv’s public transport networks so as to improve their operational and environmental efficiency, minimize costs for operators, and maximize connectivity. These proposals also take into account the future land use plan for the city. The analytical work, requested by KSCA, aimed to support Kyiv City Administration (KCA) in improving the mobility conditions in Kyiv though practically-focused recommendations on public transport service optimization and reorganization. The proposed optimization plans and reforms aim to tackling the operational and capacity deficiencies that are routinely experienced on the local public transport networks during peak hours. The analytical work benefited from a solid partnership with KCA and other stakeholders and aim to reflect a common view on the proposed measures and their implementation. This report summarizes the analyses, findings and recommendations that emerged from the assessment and optimization plans. The remaining of this report is organized as follows: Chapter 2 presents the assessment of the current mobility conditions in Kyiv. It presents the results of an evidence based and data driven assessment of the demand and supply for public transport and the results of a benchmarking analysis comparing key variables among cities with comparable characteristics. Chapter 3 presents the optimization plans. It includes the principles applied during the optimization process and the resulting scenarios as well as their estimated impacts on users’ mobility, suppliers’ operations and the environment.Chapter 4 discusses key aspects of a sustainable transport roadmap. The chapter discusses issues related to the implementation of the optimization plans as well as broader aspects related to the overall improvement of the mobility conditions such as priority investments, traffic management and control, parking and integrated planning.

Governing Urban Diversity: Creating Social Cohesion, Social Mobility and Economic Performance in Today’s Hyper-diversified Cities

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:19:56 +0100

Report 2h: Fieldwork entrepreneurs in Toronto, Jane-Finch (Canada)."br/"This project is funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme; Theme: SSH.2012.2.2.2-1; Governance of cohesion and diversity in urban contexts.

The Rebound Effect in Road Transport

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:16:43 +0100

The rebound effect is the phenomenon underlying the disproportionality between energy efficiency improvements and observed energy savings. This paper presents a meta-analysis of 76 primary studies and 1138 estimates of the direct rebound effect in road transport to synthesise past work and inform ongoing discussions about the determinants and magnitude of the rebound effect. The magnitude of rebound effect estimates varies with the time horizon considered. On average, the direct rebound effect is around 12% in the short run and 32% in the long run. Indirect and macroeconomic effects would come on top of these estimates. Heterogeneity in rebound effect estimates can mainly be explained by variation in the time horizon considered, the elasticity measure used and the econometric approach employed in primary studies, and by macro-level economic factors, such as real income and gasoline prices. In addition to identifying the factors responsible for the variation in rebound effect estimates, the meta-regression model developed in this paper can serve as a relevant tool to assist policy analysis in contexts where rebound effect estimates are missing.

LUCIDPIPE™ POWER SYSTEM

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:09:04 +0100

In most gravity fed water transmission pipelines, it is desired to reduce excess pressure head to prevent undue strain on a pipeline and lower the incidence of leaks. Normally this is done with pressure reducing valves that essentially burn off this excess pressure as heat. The LucidPipe™ system converts it to low cost electricity thereby removing unwanted pressure and generating energy at the same time - energy that can be put used behind the grid or put back on the grid. The LucidPipe™ system extracts a small percentage of pressure head providing nearly invisible operation allowing water operators to fulfill their primary mission of delivering water to consumers. Because the LucidPipe™ system extracts only a small percentage of pressure head when operating, and about 1 psi of pressure head when stopped, it is virtually invisible in a pipe network and can be placed directly in-line without the need of a bypass for the turbine. Traditional hydropower turbines effectively halt the flow of water when stopped, and can cause dangerous water hammer when grid power is disconnected so they must be placed in a bypass to not interrupt the safe delivery of water. Also, traditional hydropower turbines operate in a narrow band of pressures and flows whereas the LucidPipe™ system has a wide operating range typically found in municipal water transmission system. The LucidPipe™ system adjusts to meet the demands of water delivery rather than a water operator having to adjust the water to meet the demands of the turbine.

Sustainable Transport in Upper Austria: Case Study for Setting up a Living Lab Concept to Accelerate Innovations

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:02:46 +0100

The research team is currently working on defining a suitable path towards the design and implementation of a Living Lab for developing, testing and demonstrating innovations in sustainable transport operations. There are several examples that focus on transport and mobility, either addressing individual or freight transport. The combination of both topics is seen as a unique chance to find new ways for a sustainable transport system and mobility behavior. The region of Upper Austria is used as a research case in order to demonstrate results and findings of an applied research project, called “Mobility Lab Upper Austria.”

Document type: Article

Fieldwork Entrepreneurs in Istanbul, Turkey

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:58:27 +0100

Connecting to Compete 2016 : Trade Logistics in the Global Economy--The Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:58:07 +0100

The LPI has provided valuable information for policy makers, traders, and other stakeholders, including researchers and academics, on the role of logistics for growth and the policies needed to support logistics in areas such as infrastructure planning, service provision, and crossborder trade and transport facilitation. The results of Connecting to Compete 2016 point to Germany as the best performing country, with an LPI score of 4.23, and Syria as the lowest, with a score of 1.60 (equivalent to 19 percent of Germany’s score on a scale from 1 to 5). The converging trend between the top and worst performers that appeared in the previous LPI surveys (2007, 2010, 2012, and 2014) seems to have slightly reversed. The average scores in each quintile reveal that the gap between the top 2 quintiles and the countries at the bottom in performance is widening again.

Simulation of air traffic control radar beacon code assignment plans :

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:50:37 +0100

Unsteady water depth measurement in a partially filled 7.6 cm diameter horizontal pipe

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:49:12 +0100

RWAKE - System Specification Document

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:46:45 +0100

This report is the Deliverable 2.1 R-WAKE System Specification Document, which provides the compilation of high-levelR-Wake requirements, resulting from Task 2.1 activities. More specifically, this document contains:¿An analysis of the state-of-the-art in wake vortex simulation and prediction; wake vortex separation standards and methodologies; weather data provision simulation and prediction; trajectory based operations; and methodologies for safety and robustness analysis.¿The R-Wake project detailed motivation, objectives and proposed methodology..¿The R-Wake system highlevel specification,which isone of the main contributions of this Project, to enable the realisation of several simulations and assessments of the eventual impacts of wake vortex phenomena in the en-route phase of flight.

UDRIVE D51.1 eUropean naturalistic Driving and Riding for Infrastructure and Vehicle safety and Environment

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:39:51 +0100

The aim of Task 5.1 is to identify and select, among the outcomes of SP4, the results that are relevant to infer recommendations for measures improving road safety and sustainability. Due to time constraint, the analyses and the recommendations have been done in less time that it was planned at the beginning of the project. The key outcomes of the SP4 work with particular reference to crash risk, unsafe driving, and eco-driving will be studied and organized in terms of relevance to safety and sustainability policies and potential actions towards road users, vehicle and road. Recommendations have been developed to propose actions to stakeholders that can be implemented in the near future to increase safety and sustainability of road transport. This work integrates several reviews of different measures implemented previously in France, Germany, Netherlands and United Kingdom in terms of road safety measures. Then, the recommendations consider possible updates of existing measures and the development of new measures.

Public Transport Automatic Fare Collection Interoperability Assessing Options for Poland

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:35:20 +0100

In the second half of 2013, the World Bank secured grant funding from the Korea Green Growth Partnership for analytical support and technical assistance related to sustainable urban transport systems in select cities in Eastern Poland. Polish cities have followed international practice in introducing public transport smartcard ticketing that offers convenience to the passenger and savings to the operator through reduced fraud, shorter dwell times at stops, and less cash handling. Smartcards also offer more flexibility in setting and varying fares.However, one of the main benefits of smartcard ticketing internationally is in relation to integrating fares and ticketing across operators and modes.There is no overall direction as to what these automated fare collection (AFC) systems will provide, and there is limited levels of interoperability across the public transport networks and the rail network, which makes travelling across the country difficult. Going forward, Poland needs to consider the benefits that an integrated approach to public transport ticketing could deliver and agree a vision for delivering these benefits. This potential benefit has not been realized in Poland and little effort has been made to establish a common platform for ticketing, even within metropolitan areas.This Report focuses on options for introducing public transport automatic fare collection interoperability in Poland, building on the experience of other countries and taking into account recent changes in technology.Based on its review of the current situation in Poland and European experience with the introduction of AFC standards, the World Bank makes the following five recommendations: i) Establish a technical working group to develop a vision for AFC in Poland. ii) Support bank card, smartphone apps, and new technology developments and determine what is achievable over the medium-term in terms of interoperability. iii) Develop bank card specifications. iv) Do not develop a Polish AFC standard. v)Undertake a public transport fare review. Establishing a national smartcard standard and adopting it nationwide can be an expensive, complex, and lengthy process—as evidenced by the experience in the UK—and is not a ‘quick win’. Poland should consider innovative solutions enabled by new technologies and not aim to replicate approaches used in the UK or the Netherlands which were developed at a time when the technological options were different.

Freight Distribution Problems in Congested Urban Areas: Fast and Effective Solution Procedures to Time-Dependent Vehicle Routing Problems

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:32:57 +0100

Low-Probability High-Consequence (LPHC) Failure Events in Geologic Carbon Sequestration Pipelines and Wells: Framework for LPHC Risk Assessment Incorporating Spatial Variability of Risk:

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:27:26 +0100

uthor(s): Oldenburg, Curtis M.; Budnitz, Robert J. | Abstract: If Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) is to be effective in mitigating climate change, it will need to be carried out on a very large scale. This will involve many thousands of miles of dedicated high-pressure pipelines in order to transport many millions of tonnes of CO2 annually, with the CO2 delivered to many thousands of wells that will inject the CO2 underground. The new CCS infrastructure could rival in size the current U.S. upstream natural gas pipeline and well infrastructure. This new infrastructure entails hazards for life, health, animals, the environment, and natural resources. Pipelines are known to rupture due to corrosion, from external forces such as impacts by vehicles or digging equipment, by defects in construction, or from the failure of valves and seals. Similarly, wells are vulnerable to catastrophic failure due to corrosion, cement degradation, or operational mistakes. While most accidents involving pipelines and wells will be minor, there is the inevitable possibility of accidents with very high consequences, especially to public health. The most important consequence of concern is CO2 release to the environment in concentrations sufficient to cause death by asphyxiation to nearby populations. Such accidents are thought to be very unlikely, but of course they cannot be excluded, even if major engineering effort is devoted (as it will be) to keeping their probability low and their consequences minimized. This project has developed a methodology for analyzing the risks of these rare but high-consequence accidents, using a step-by-step probabilistic methodology. A key difference between risks for pipelines and wells is that the former are spatially distributed along the pipe whereas the latter are confined to the vicinity of the well. Otherwise, the methodology we develop for risk assessment of pipeline and well failures is similar and provides an analysis both of the annual probabilities of accident sequences of concern and of their consequences, and crucially the methodology provides insights into what measures might be taken to mitigate those accident sequences identified as of concern. Mitigating strategies could address reducing the likelihood of an accident sequence of concern, or reducing the consequences, or some combination. The methodology elucidates both local and integrated risks along the pipeline or at the well providing information useful to decision makers at various levels including local (e.g., property owners and town councils), regional (e.g., county and state representatives), and national levels (federal regulators and corporate proponents).

Fieldwork Entrepreneurs in Warsaw, Poland

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:26:24 +0100

Georgia Economic Impact of East-West Highway Phase 2 : Assessing the Impact of East-West Highway Investments on Exports through Gravity Modeling

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:24:34 +0100

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of the East-West Highway improvement program on Georgia’s ability to access international markets. As highlighted extensively in the literature, improving transport infrastructure and the efficiency of the logistics sector can help countries gain competitiveness in international export markets, which can translate into faster economic growth and higher income. This study hypothesizes that investments in the EWH have reduced the cost of shipping Georgian goods to the rest of the world, and such reductions should be more significant for goods transported by road. To estimate the effect of cost reductions generated by improvements in the EWH, a gravity-type model in first-differences has been estimated. The results show that: (i) a 10 percent increase in the length of upgraded road network predicts a 1.1 percent increase in exports transported by road while no significant effect is estimated for exports on other transport modes (rail, sea, and air); (ii) the resulting increase in exports by road was reflected by a decrease in exports transported by sea; (iii) the effect is statistically and economically significant only for customs offices located along the EWH; (iv) only exports of time-sensitive products responded positively and significantly to improvements in the EWH during the 2006-2015 period; (v) upgrading the entire EWH is estimated to generate additional export revenues between USD 776 million and USD 1,466 million. It is important to note that the overall trade generating effect of the investment is expected to be somewhat lower as the results suggest some substitution between road and sea transport, but the overall impact is a significant boost to exports.

Integration of travel agencies with other supply chain members

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:23:50 +0100

"jats:p"The performance of tourism supply chains depends on the efficiency of all members involved, including the travel agencies. The paper addresses the analysis of relationships between the agencies’ external integration with other supply chain members on one side, and the efficiency of the agencies on the other. The data envelopment analysis is applied for the estimation of efficiencies, while the structural equation modelling (SEM) is conducted for identification of possible integration impacts on the efficiency. Results show that integration with other supply chain members indeed has some positive impacts on the agencies’ efficiency. Also, the developed SEM model implies that in-depth forms of collaboration would enable more effective exploitation of the identified relations between the integration and efficiency of the agencies. This finding could be an important guideline for the agencies’ management in the sense of achieving more satisfied customers and bigger profits, as well as reduced operational costs.

Document type: Article

Measuring the interactions between air traffic control and flow management using a simulation-based framework

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:23:34 +0100

Study of interactions between two consecutive layers of ATM under increased traffic.Results highlight an exponential growth in delay costs if constant network capacity.Results highlight an unmanageable controller workload if network capacity is high.We find a compromise by controlling delay costs growth with a sector capacity growth.We quantify research objectives for future work on air traffic control optimization. Air traffic in Europe is predicted to increase considerably over the next decades. In this context, we present a study of the interactions between the costs due to ground-holding regulations and the costs due to en-route air traffic control. We dulator that considers the regulation delays, aircraft trajectories, and air conflict resolution. Through intensive simulations based on traffic forecasts extrapolated from French traffic data for 2012, we compute the regulation delays and avoidance maneuvers according to two scenarios: the current regulations and no regulations. The resulting cost analysis highlights the exponential growth in regulation costs that can be expected if the procedures and the airspace capacity do not change. Compared to the delay costs, the costs of the air traffic control are negligible with or without regulation. The analysis reveals the heavy controller workloads when there are no regulations, suggesting the need for regulations that are appropriate for large traffic volumes and an improved ATC system. These observations motivate the design of a third scenario that computes the sector capacities to find a compromise between the increase in the delay costs due to ground-holding regulations and the increase in the controller workload. The results reveal the sensitivity of the delay costs to the sector capacity; this information will be useful for further research into ATM sector capacity and ATC automated tool design. Finally, because of the growing interest in the free flight paradigm, we also perform a traffic and cost analysis for aircraft following direct routes. The results obtained highlight the fuel and time savings and the spatial restrictions that companies use to avoid congested areas.

Document type: Article

Characterizing Interstate Crash Rates Based on Traffic Congestion Using Probe Vehicle Data

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:22:52 +0100

Crash reduction factors are widely used by engineers for prioritizing safety investments. Work zones are routinely analyzed by the length and duration of queues. Queue detection warning technology has been growing in availability and reliability in recent years. However, there is sparse literature on the impact of freeway queueing on crash rates. This paper analyzes three years of crash data and crowd-sourced probe vehicle data to classify crashes as being associated with queueing conditions or free flow conditions. In 2014, only 1.2% of the distanced-weighted hours of operation of Indiana interstates operated at or under 45 MPH. A three-year study on Indiana interstates indicates that commercial vehicles were involved in over 87% of back-of-queue fatal crashes compared to 39% of all fatal crashes during free flow conditions. A new measure of crash rate was developed to account for the presence and duration of queues: crashes per mile-hour of congestion. The congested crash rate on all Indiana interstates in 2014 was found to be 24 times greater than the uncongested crash rate. These data were also separated into both rural and urban categories. In rural areas, the congested crash rate is 23 times the uncongested crash rate. In urban areas, the congested crash rate is 21 times the uncongested crash rate. Queues are found to be present for five minutes or longer prior to approximately 90% of congestion crashes in 2014. Longer term, this information shows the importance in the development of technology that can warn motorists of traffic queues.

For safety and security reasons

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:20:35 +0100

"jats:p"The current development trend of Internet of Things (IoT) aims for a tighter integration of mobile and stationary devices via various networks. This includes communication of vehicles to roadside infrastructure (V2I), as well as intelligent sensors / actors in Logistics and smart home environments."/jats:p" "jats:p"Compared to isolated traditional embedded systems, the exposure to open networks increases the attack surface, and errors in the networking components could compromise the safety and security of the embedded application or the whole network. But often current system architectures for mass-market IoT devices lack the required isolation concepts."/jats:p" "jats:p"Using a partitioning microkernel and enforcing the use of a microcontroller’s memory protection unit (MPU) facilities, we compare different isolation concepts for a publish/subscribe middleware implementing OMG’s Data Distribution Service (DDS) standard and we evaluate our results on an STM32F4 microcontroller. The results of this case study show moderate costs for increased memory usage and additional context switches.

Document type: Article

Removing Barriers to Public Transport Fare Integration in Poland : Key Directions of Change

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:17:11 +0100

The need for more sustainable and integrative planning processes as a way of dealing with the complexity of urban mobility has been widely recognized. Within the European Union (EU) there has been an enhanced focus on urban mobility solutions where local authorities move away from past ‘silo approaches’ and develop approaches that can stimulate a shift towards cleaner and more sustainable transport modes, in line with the EU’s 2013 Urban Mobility Package and Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs).As people choose to move away from cities to the periphery or to neighboring municipalities, it becomes critical that the organization of urban transport services, including commuter rail, is coordinated within functional urban areas based on travel-to-work patterns and not be limited to a city’s administrative area.International experience suggests that public transport planners must recognize two integration dimensions: (a) integration among all modes and routes comprising the multi-modal public transport network, (b) integration of the public transport offer within a functional urban area, such that the public transport offer matches the mobility requirements of passengers. Successful integration in both dimensions will provide a more customer-friendly experience and make public transport more efficient and cost-effective.The objective of this Report is to assess barriers to fare integration and impediments to integrated service planning. More specifically, it aims to: analyze the current legal framework, review current fare discount policy and public financing of such discounts, identify legal obstacles to fare integration; present examples of European best practice in the area of public transport integration; and provide recommendations to remove barriers to fare and ticketing integration.The World Bank identified six key recommendations aimed at incentivizing public transport integration: i) Introducing uniform statutory fare discount system. ii) Reforming the system for financing statutory fare discounts. iii) Removing barriers to cooperation among different levels of self-government. iv) Strengthening local authorities responsible for transport and creating open integration platforms. v) Protecting PSO Operators from creaming skimming. vi)Promote fare integration. Changing the status quo will require significant changes to the legal environment for public transport aimed at removing barriers to integration.

Assessing the Impact of WTO Accession on Belarus : A Quantitative Evaluation

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:07:30 +0100

a small and open economy, Belarus' development perspectives are intrinsically linked to its ability to produce and sell goods and services competitively in the global marketplace. While Belarus is an open economy, its trade links are concentrated both in terms of products and markets. Mineral goods –most importantly refined oil and potassium chloride - are the main export product accounting for more than 1/3 of total exports. Non mineral exports, including most importantly machinery, vehicles and transport equipment are mostly exported to Russia and other CIS markets, which account for 74 percent of non-mineral exports while the share of EU countries in Belarus non-mineral exports account for less than 15 percent. With Russia's WTO accession in 2012 competitive pressures on Belarus’ major market for non-mineral exports have further intensified. As Belarus is accelerating its own negotiations with the WTO, understanding the challenges and opportunities faced by the country's exporters is critical to putting in place an effective adaptation strategy that will enhance competitiveness and ensure Belarus can take full advantage of more open market access. The objective of this note is to analyze the economic impacts of Belarus' potential accession to the WTO. The note utilizes a modern computable general equilibrium model of the economy of Belarus to simulate impacts on the economy as a whole and on individual sectors.

Country Partnership Framework for the Lebanese Republic for the Period FY17-FY22

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:04:36 +0100

This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) presents the World Bank Group (WBG) program and the associated results framework for Lebanon for the period FY17-FY22. In a fragile and conflict-prone environment, this CPF aims at mitigating the immediate, and potentially long-lasting impact of the Syria crisis on Lebanon, while strengthening state institutions, addressing existing vulnerabilities, and bolstering efforts on longer term development challenges, all through interventions that foster inclusion and shared prosperity. The CPF will work through two focus areas as a way to renew the social contract between the state and the citizens: (i) expand access to and quality of service delivery; and (ii) expand economic opportunities and increase human capital. Through these two focus areas, the WBG will help Lebanon mitigate the economic and social impact of the Syria crisis, safeguard the country’s development gains, and enhance the prospects for stability and development in the coming years. The CPF will contribute to strengthening the relationship between the state and its citizens, a critical ingredient for peace and stability. The CPF will contribute to strengthening the relationship between the state and its citizens, a critical ingredient for peace and stability. The CPF benefited from a series of stakeholder consultations, including those held in connection with the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) and the WBG Gender Strategy.

Transport, Economic Growth, and Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of Congo : A Spatial Analysis

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:59:39 +0100

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate several techniques which can be used to evaluate pathways to sustainable growth in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) via infrastructure improvement. Decades of conflict and neglect have left the DRC’s transport infrastructure amongst the sparsest and most dilapidated in the world.

Using Archived ITS Data to Measure the Operational Benefits of a System-wide Adaptive Ramp Metering System

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:56:30 +0100

System-Wide Adaptive Ramp Metering (SWARM) system has been implemented in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area, replacing the previous pre-timed ramp-metering system that had been in operation since 1981. SWARM has been deployed on six major corridors and operates during the morning and afternoon peak hours. This report presents results of a before and after evaluation of the performance of two freeway corridors as part of ongoing efforts to measure the benefits of the new SWARM system, as compared to the pre-timed system. The study benefited from using the existing regional data, surveillance and communications infrastructure in addition to a regional data archive system. The evaluation revealed that the operation of the SWARM system, as currently configured in the Portland metropolitan region, produced mixed results when comparing the selected performance metrics to pre-timed operation. For the I-205 corridor, the results were generally positive. In the morning peak period, SWARM operation resulted in an 18.1% decrease in mainline delay and decreased variability in the delay. For the afternoon peak period, improvements were also found (a 7.9 % decrease in mainline delay) with the exception of moderately congested days which saw an 4.7% increase in mainline delay. On the OR-217, however, significant increases were found in overall average delay. In the morning peak period, delay increased 34.9% while in the afternoon period delay increased 55.0%. These conclusions, however, must be tempered because of lack of ramp demand data.

Probabilities of vertical overlap :

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:54:40 +0100

Because of the potential increase in traffic at FL 290 and above, both current and alternative vertical separation standards are being reviewed. A plan to collect data on the vertical navigational performance of aircraft is also contemplated. This report documents a sensitivity analysis carried out to assess how different assumptions about the probability distribution of 'total vertical error' affect the probability of vertical overlap. The four factors affecting the probability of vertical overlap which are examined in this study are: the functional form of the vertical-error distribution function; the standard deviation of this probability distribution; the vertical dimensions of the aircraft; and the vertical separation standard. Probabilities of vertical overlap were computed over a range of possibilities for each of these four factors in order to discern the effect of each factor. A final section discusses the findings of this study and draws some conclusions.

Evaluation of an Eco-driving Intervention: Changing Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior by Means of Supervisor Support

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:50:57 +0100

Factors influencing passengers’ choice of transport mode to Warsaw Chopin Airport

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:43:02 +0100

"jats:p"Airport accessibility is an important factor for airport choice and therefore also for airport competition. When air passengers choose an itinerary, they reflect on the transport chain from door to door. Therefore, factors affecting the traveller’s decision for a particular option go beyond the price and quality of air services from airport to airport. The decision for or against a particular air service and a particular airport is to a certain extent dependent on the accessibility of the airport."/jats:p" "jats:p"The aim of the article is to present the preliminary research of factors which influence choice of transport mode used in order to reach Warsaw Chopin Airport (WAW). The hypothesis of the paper is that the most common transport modes to WAW is private transport. The data were collected based on survey distributed within passengers in May 2015. The results show that there is a relation between flight destination from WAW and distance from the point of origin to airport and also between kind of traveller and transport mode used by his/her. There is also the conclusion that the most common transport modes from and to the airport in Europe is used very rarely in Warsaw.

Document type: Article

A simulation model for estimating airport terminal area throughputs and delays

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:39:43 +0100

: The report documents a simulation model (DELCAP) designed to estimate airport throughputs and aircraft delays, taking into account their dependence on the traffic level and mix of user types, the airport configuration, and the separation rules in force. The model is implemented in two parts: a user may elect instead of providing his own, and an event-oriented simulation model. The report includes a discussion of the elements in the airport system which are modeled, a description of the simulation model's logic, and a set of sample outputs. Listings of the model programs, and a user's guide to their operation, appear as appendices. (Author)

Does Commuting Affect Health?

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:38:22 +0100

This paper analyzes the relation between commuting time and health in the United Kingdom. I focus on four different types of health outcomes: subjective health measures, objective health measures, health behavior, and health care utilization. Fixed effect models are estimated with British Household Panel Survey data. I find that whereas objective health and health behavior are barely affected by commuting time, subjective health measures are clearly lower for people who commute longer. A longer commuting time is, moreover, related to more visits to the general practitioner. Effects turn out to be more pronounced for women and for commuters driving a car. For women, commuting time is also negatively related to regular exercise and positively to calling in sick.

SoA and Benchmarking, delivrable 1.1

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:37:13 +0100

This document does not aim to review automated vehicles' developments and technologies but automated functions in existing vehicles. Therefore this document reports the results from the benchmarking search carried out within A1.1 for systems that are relevant to the project's preliminary Use Cases of ADAS&ME project. This report reflects the work carried out in order to reach MS2 (M3) of ADAS&ME and the literature review carried out for each affective state. However, it acted as a living document until the submission of D1.1 (M6) to be incorporated in the main body of D1.1. In general, benchmarking is considered a continuous and systematic approach to measure the processes and outputs against the most relevant (and occasionally) toughest competitors in the business, or at least the most prominent/ profitable ones. This is a so called competitive benchmarking approach. Three different types of results are included in this document: a) benchmarking of driver and rider monitoring systems, b) literature search and reviews of literature on drive/rider affective states as defined within DoA and UCs, and, lastly, c) alignment of the SoA collected, systems benchmarked; with key selected organization's priorities and roadmaps about automated vehicle systems and functions. The deliverable opens with the introduction to automation, the objectives of the document, the working group that was involved in A1.1 and worked towards this compilation and the contribution of this document to the selection and refinement of the ADAS&ME Use Case (Chapter 1). An overview of addressed affective states per Use Cases, as they are currently agreed upon, are presented in Chapter 2, along with their general definitions and driver monitoring techniques and systems. Chapter 3 presents an introduction to main research findings per affective state, followed by a literature review overview table, including connection to the project and respective Use Cases. The complete compilation per affective state is included in sub-sections of Annex 1. The table at the end of the Executive Summary includes the number of journals reviewed. In addition, a short literature review was carried out to investigate the automation strategies for stabilisation mechanisms for motorcycles. The work and relevant findings are included in main the document and the rest are also in an Annex. The literatures review is followed by the benchmarking of existing technologies (SoA) for drivers and riders per addressed affective state (Chapter 4). Similarly, an overview of findings is presented in the table at the end of the summary. In addition, studies from other transport modes were reviewed, for their potential of transferring knowledge, methods and techniques. The results are summarised in a Table in Section 4.3, but the whole compilation of the studies was annexed. Chapter 5 presents the alignment of A1.1 results with the efforts of several established organizations, such as ACEM, ERTRAC, NCAP and the international collaborations within CARTRE project. The Deliverable concludes with Chapter 6, where an overview of the results, in terms of numbers and relevance (key categorization) to the project, are presented.

Characteristics of logistics outsourcing in Bulgaria

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:35:48 +0100

The increased demand and supply of logistics services bring together the logistics service providers (LSPs) and the companies that outsource logistics activities. LSPs stand in between those companies and their customers, thus playing an essential role for supply chain integration. If the two parties have different viewpoints of the processes in the supply chain, the fulfillment of the goal to satisfy the end customers may be hindered. The purpose of this article is two-fold: First, to investigate the characteristics of logistics outsourcing in Bulgaria from the perspectives of the logistics service providers and their customers, and more specifically, to compare their viewpoints concerning the motives for outsourcing, the methods and contents of communication and some relationship management aspects; Second, to assess the relations of the communication and relationship management aspects to customer satisfaction. This article is based on empirical data provided by 138 manufacturing and trading companies and 136 LSPs and collected through two structured questionnaires designed to address the researched issues. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the independent samples t-test. The research found that the service related reasons for logistics outsourcing are prevailing and that LSPs overestimate, compared to manufacturing and trading companies, motives related to service, organizational capabilities and relationships, while more manufacturing and trading companies concern as important the availability of logistics assets and the provision of value-added services. The research also found that both the LSPs and their customers consider that the extent of sharing of knowledge and information essential for material flow integration is very low and that the usage of team meetings and joint teams is quite rare. Also, customers do not view their relationships with the LSPs as so collaborative as viewed by the LSPs. Furthermore, the research proved the existence of positive relationships between customer satisfaction and communication through team meetings and joint teams, knowledge sharing concerning material flow management and relationship management issues such as trust, mutual problem solving, understanding the logistics strategy of the other party and respecting its financial interests. The research findings may help fill in some of the gaps between LSPs and their customers. They point the need for LSPs to include in their service offerings more value-added services and to invest in assets that provide reliable and flexible services for their customers. The research also highlights the importance of knowledge sharing and trust building and reveals great potential for effective trust-based alliances between LSPs and their customers that could help them extract more competitive benefits from their relationships.

Document type: Article

Accessibility concepts and indicators in transportation strategic planning issues: theoretical framework and literature review

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:34:32 +0100

"jats:p"Accessibility is a well-known and studied concept within the scientific literature. Good transportation accessibility is certainly an important factor in exploiting spatial potentials. The quality of transportation infrastructure in terms of capacity, travel speed, connectivity etc., determines the quality and advantage of a location relative to other locations, which is usually measured as accessibility. Increasingly overloaded transport corridors, in the context of changing transportation flows are becoming an important issue for accessibility. This Paper gives a very brief overview of which kind of transportation networks and services indicators should be used in relevant documents and in transportation planning practice. This Paper provides a comprehensive overview of the different definitions, dimensions and indicators of accessibility in the literature of those already discovered.

Document type: Article

Central America Urbanization Review : Making Cities Work for Central America

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:32:02 +0100

Central America is undergoing an important transition, with urban populations increasingat accelerated speeds, bringing pressing challenges as well as opportunities to boost sustained,inclusive and resilient growth. Today, 59 percent of Central America's population lives in urban areas, but it is expected that within the next generation 7 out of 10 people will live in cities, equivalent to adding 700,000 new urban residents every year. At current rates of urbanization, the region’s urban population will double in size by 2050, welcoming over 25 million new urban dwellers, calling for better infrastructure, higher coverage and quality of urban services and greater employment opportunities. As larger numbers of people concentrate in urban areas, Central American governments at the national and local levels face both opportunities and challenges to ensure the prosperity of their country's present and future generations.

Policy Brief 5: Diversity in Entrepreneurship

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 15:29:41 +0100

Diverse neighbourhoods represent significant opportunities for different forms of entrepreneurship, which can contribute to their economic regeneration. This policy brief focuses on entrepreneurship in deprived and diverse neighbourhoods. It discusses the relations between diversity and entrepreneurship and presents evidence on the connections between entrepreneurship, diversity and economic performance, and the role of entrepreneurship on social cohesion. It argues for revising existing policies related to the different forms of entrepreneurship in diverse and deprived neighbourhoods, as well as for new measures to support entrepreneurship.

Fieldwork Entrepreneurs in Paris, France

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 15:03:34 +0100

Analysis of how urban diversity and policies and arrangements with respect to urban diversity affect different population groups living in cities in terms of economic performance and to clarify who (which social groups) profit and how they profit.

Petra - WP11 – Dissemination: D11.4: Business model

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 15:01:35 +0100

This document represents business model overview for PETRA. The business model is an integral part of the governance handbook, (D7.3), but is also listed as a separate deliverable. For all details, please refer to deliverable 7.3. Here an abbreviated version is presented."br/"The model uses a business model canvas to look at the main revenue and costs streams, risks and assumptions."br/"The business model is based on information that was gathered from the demonstrators and literature."br/"On the revenue side of the business model, the context and policies in place very much drive the expected revenues. Rather than providing an expected outcome, the model proposed existing and well developed approaches to estimate possible revenues, given a specific context.

Exploiting New Data Sources to Quantify Arterial Congestion and Performance Measures at a Regional Scale

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 15:01:01 +0100

Speeding up electro-mobility : How to electrify half of new car sales by 2030

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:59:42 +0100

Noxious diesel emissions far above official limits and the need to rapidly reduce-greenhouse gases generate widespread calls for banning fossil-fueled cars in Europe. This report shows that it is possible to electrify 50 per cent of all new cars in the EU by 2030. Â This, however, requires massive investment in European battery production capacity, and a long-term commitment to sustainable supply of critical materials. In addition a large-scale expansion of the charging infrastructure is needed, in particular at home and at work places, which account for around 95 per cent of all battery charging. Moreover, local grids will need enforcement in most countries. The additional electricity demand must be satisfied at a time when many coal-fired and nuclear-based power plants will be decommissioned. Â Plug-in hybrids, which combine a downsized combustion engine with an electric motor, will probably play an important role, both to relieve long-distance drivers of range anxiety and to reduce the demand for scarce virgin metals, in particular cobalt. Â To make the shift happen, an EU-wide Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandate needs to be established from 2025, with planned stringency increases every second year or so. Such a regulation is less vulnerable to budget restraints and changing relative prices than financial incentives. At the same time, the regulatory demands on manufacturers to reduce CO2 emissions from combustions engines need to become more stringent and apply to all combustion engines, including those in plug-in hybrids. Such a combination of policies will make it possible to realize the overall target of 50 per cent electrification of new cars in a robust and flexible way. "p"Financial support from Jan WallanderÂ´s, Tom Hedelius' and Tore BrowaldÂ´s research foundations at Svenska Handelsbanken, Stockholm.

Analyzing and Quantifying the Impact of Congestion on LTL Industry Costs and Performance in the Portland Metropolitan Region

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:56:50 +0100

Modeling and Analyzing the Impact of Advanced Technologies on Transit Performance Measures in Arterial Corridors

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:56:15 +0100

Disseminating the Sustainable City Year Program (SCYP) Education Model

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:48:18 +0100

The impact of transport infrastructure projects on sustainable development within a major logistics gateway in North West England

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:44:56 +0100

itle"Abstract"/jats:title" "jats:p"In the North West of England the issue of a perceived infrastructure gap is of increasing concern. Investment needs to be made to improve the transport infrastructure of the region if it is to be expected to promote the development of its own regional logistics gateway. Funding tools have been set up to address the challenges arising from the imbalance in infrastructure development that exists between regions in the north of the United Kingdom and those in the south. For regions with well developed economies the outlook is promising as the availability of modern transport infrastructure looks set to improve. However, some sources believe that the development of new transport infrastructure will have a negative impact upon sustainable development. It is expected that this will occur in a range of both direct and indirect ways. As a result, it is critical that planning for the creation of new intermodal transport infrastructure, or the upgrading of that which already exists, takes into account the impact that these developments will have on the sustainable development of the host region. A scenario based development methodology is proposed in this paper. It was developed to provide a way to identify potential scenarios that may arise within a given region as a result of transport infrastructure projects. To create significant scenarios the methodology is dependent on the availability of a sufficient quantity of quality data. For this paper that data was collected through a focus group composed of stakeholders from the region in question. This was further supported by the performance of an impact survey using the same group of stakeholders.

Document type: Article

The effects of large-diameter underground crude-oil pipelines on soils and vegetation : with emphasis on the proposed Northern Tier pipeline in Montana /

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:44:46 +0100

Platform Markets and Energy Services

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:42:53 +0100

A structural shift from transaction-based, marginal cost pricing to fee-based service business models often accompanies We emergence of 'platform' markets, i.e. multi-sided markets where an intermediary captures the value of the interaction between user groups. The many examples include telecommunications, data storage, cinema, music and media, and the automobile industry. Why not electricity? In this paper, we explore how the electricity supply industry can be conceived of as a platform-mediated, two-sided market and the consequences for pricing. Through two cases, a balancing services provider for smart home energy management systems and an electric vehicle charge manager, we show where a platform entrant could position itself in the retail electricity markets between supply companies and end-users. The drivers of such a transition include increased volatility due to renewable generation, the new complexity of roles for end-users, and the introduction of information and communication technologies. Conceiving of electricity as a platform market where new entrants provide an energy optimisation and management service may stimulate a competitive ecosystem and innovation. We suggest that fee-based pricing would enable the objectives of time-varying pricing to be achieved without adversely affecting the most vulnerable customers.

Transformational Technologies in Transportation: State of the Activities

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:40:18 +0100

This report explores the status and applications of transportation goods, services, and systems that fall under the umbrella of transformational technology. Key transformational technologies include connected and automated vehicles, including shared use services; unmanned aerial systems (drones); Internet of Things (including smart cities); and cybersecurity. In addition, the following technologies that have potential to be transformational technologies include NextGen air transportation system, 3-D printing, and big data. The report explores the state of each technology development; the key players involved; methods used to demonstrate the technologies to a national audience; methods used to publicize the technologies and convene their proponents and stakeholders; the economic significance of technologies and associated business models; and the possibilities for wider impact through synergies with other key technologies or other adjacent matters.

Applications to Air Traffic Management

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:39:53 +0100

International audience; Air traffic management (ATM) is an endless source of challenging optimization problems. Before discussing applications of metaheuristics to these problems, let us describe an ATM system in a few words, so that readers who are not familiar with such systems can understand the problems being addressed in this chapter. Between the moment passengers board an aircraft and the moment they arrive at their destination, a flight goes through several phases: push back at the gate, taxiing between the gate and the runway threshold, takeoff and initial climb following a Standard instrument departure (SID) procedure, cruise, final descent following standard terminal arrival route (STAR), landing on the runway, and taxiing to the gate. During each phase, the flight is handled by several air traffic control organizations: airport ground control, approach and terminal control, en-route control. These control organizations provide services that ensure safe and efficient conduct of flights, from departure to arrival.

From the Concept of Flexible Mobility Services to the ‘Shared Mobility Services Agency’

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:36:36 +0100

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was supported by the Research Councils UK Digital Economy programme award (reference: EP/G066051/1) to the dot.rural Digital Economy Hub, at the University of Aberdeen

Model Checking at Scale: Automated Air Traffic Control Design Space Exploration

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:34:08 +0100

Many possible solutions, differing in the assumptions and implementations of the components in use, are usually in competition during early design stages. Deciding which solution to adopt requires considering several trade-offs. Model checking represents a possible way of comparing such designs, however, when the number of designs is large, building and validating so many models may be intractable.

Automated Driving from the View of Technical Standards

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:30:37 +0100

This chapter provides a short overview of driving automation for on-road vehicles from the standardization point of view with a focus on various levels of automation. The content of this chapter gives information about current technical standards and future standardization topics. Furthermore, it gives a plea for worldwide harmonized standardization and legislative efforts regarding automated driving in near future. The main target is to reach a harmonized regulatory approach for automated driving at the European Union (EU) level that would allow for innovation and, also, improve safety, efficiency, and environment while preserving the comfort of the passengers.

Electrification of Commercial Road Transport ? Attainable Effects and Impacts on National Energy Supply Systems

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:28:54 +0100

Abstract The goal of the analysis is to quantify potential effects of electrifying the commercial transport and the impacts on a national energy system. This is done for the case of Germany, but can be adapted to other energy systems. Based on the historical trend of vehicle stocks and technologies a reference scenario is developed to the year 2030. Energy demand and supply, emissions and costs are calculated and evaluated with focus on the energy systems perspective. The results point out that the impacts of an electrified commercial fleet on the German energy system are not significant. The primary energy consumption is only reduced very slightly by the assumed share of electric vehicles. However, the mix of final energy carriers in transportation is affected significantly. The use of mineral oil products is reduced by 8.4% up to 2030 in comparison to a business as usual scenario. The additional electricity consumed by the electric vehicles requires no significant enlargement of the electricity generation capacity but a moderately increased utilization rate. The CO 2 emissions reduction by electric vehicles reaches around 6 million tons of CO 2 per year in 2030 for the German case study. The assumed electrified commercial fleet in urban areas contributes with approximately 3 million tons of CO 2 to this reduction. The emission saving depends on charging strategies as well as generation characteristics of wind and PV. Especially the policy goal of reducing final energy demand in the transport sector (â40% to 2050 according to the German âEnergiewendeâ) turns out as an important driver for electric vehicle applications in road transportation.

PECULIARITIES IN THE DEMAND FORECAST FOR AN HSRL CONNECTING TWO COUNTRIES. CASE OF KUALA LUMPUR – SINGAPORE HSRL

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:27:32 +0100

[EN] The High Speed Rail Line (HSRL) between Kuala Lumpur (KL) and Singapore (SP) is aimed at reducing to 90 minutes the travel time between two of Southeast Asiaâs most vibrant and fast-growing economic engines. Ineco was hired by the Government of Malaysia to forecast the demand for the future HSRL. The Government of Malaysia played a key role when firstly defining the current situation on the corridor and the features of the HSRL, and then providing Ineco with the studies previously developed by them. Besides the obvious interest in connecting both capital cities, Malaysia wishes to promote the economic development of intermediate cities, whereas Singapore, a 718 squarekilometer city-state and island, is interested in improving its connection with Nusajaya - a Malaysian city that is being developed just across the border and regarded as land reserves. Two kinds of services will be provided on the new rail infrastructure: non-stop services between KL and SP, and services with 6 intermediate stops on the Malaysian side. The aim of this paper is to describe the process to forecast the demand for the HSRL Kuala Lumpur â Singapore by focusing on the peculiarities of an international HSRL. Identifying these aspects at an early stage is vital to get a better demand estimate and to reconsider the HSRL characteristics if necessary. The demand for the new line was calculated by applying a three-step model: generation model, distribution model and modal split model. In 2030, 10 years after the opening year, the HSRL is expected to move 23 - 26 million passengers â baseline and optimistic scenarios, respectively -, which represents an 18.5% share of the total demand on the corridor. The demand for the KL-SP pair will account for 30% the demand for the future HSRL. Tadeo MartÃn, A.; Rey Romero, P. (2016). PECULIARITIES IN THE DEMAND FORECAST FOR AN HSRL CONNECTING TWO COUNTRIES. CASE OF KUALA LUMPUR â SINGAPORE HSRL. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 419-426. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.3458 OCS 419 426

PUBLIC TRANSPORT USERS' PREFERENCES AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR A PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION MOBILE APP IN MADRID

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:26:10 +0100

[EN] Today, smart cities are presented as a solution to achieve a more sustainable urban development while increasing the quality of life of its citizens through the use of new technologies (Neirotti, 2013). Smart Mobility is based on innovative and sustainable ways to provide transport for the inhabitants of cities, enhancing the use of fuels or vehicle propulsion systems that respect the environment, supported by technological tools and a proactive behaviour of citizenship (Neirotti, 2013). In urban mobility, the purpose of the Smart Cities is to develop flexible systems for real-time information to support decisionmaking in the use and management of different transport modes, generating a positive impact, saving users time and improving efficiency and quality of service. In this context, several solution types are being introduced in the worldâs cities. They enable the improvement of the abovementioned factors acting on the demand side resulting in more efficient journeys for individual travelers, and improved satisfaction with the service. (Skelley et Al., 2013) with a lower level of investment than that of infrastructure deployment or an increase in the level of service. One of the most extended solutions is the use of mobile apps for providing the user with contextualized -static and real time- transport information. The study is based on a survey carried out among users of public transport in Madrid under the European OPTICITES project of the 7th Research Framework Programme. The survey contained items on their transportation habits, their level of skills and technological capabilities, and their main expectations about the possibility of using a new application, the main desired capabilities and willingness to pay for use. The study results show the preferences of users of public transport capacity, static, real-time search and in-app services for a multimodal real-time application and willingness to pay for this service, all analyzed by different Slicers users. The results also establish the basis for an estimate of the usefulness of these applications for users of public transport. VelÃ¡zquez Romera, G.; MonzÃ³n, A. (2016). PUBLIC TRANSPORT USERS' PREFERENCES AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR A PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION MOBILE APP IN MADRID. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 2248-2266. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.3498 OCS 2248 2266

Reduction of CO_{2} emissions from road transport in cities : impact of dynamic route guidance system on greenhouse gas emission

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:23:14 +0100

Assessment of tax burden on the ownership and use of road passenger transport in russia

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:22:07 +0100

The article looks at how taxes influence the tax payers' decision as to whether to own and use commercial passenger vehicles. Types of taxes and fees imposed on the purchase and operation of road passenger transport as a business are described in detail. Substantiation is provided for an idea that it might be useful to introduce a classification that divides taxes into fixed, variable and operation categories with regard to the intensity of commercial passenger vehicle use. The study examines the share of different taxes in the cost of owning and running a commercial passenger vehicle. Calculations are done for the amount of fixed transport taxes per day of owning a vehicle regardless of the intensity of use. A conclusion is made that the total amount of all taxes grows in absolute values for vehicles with a bigger seating capacity, but declines per passenger-kilometer of travel. A conclusion is made that the total amount of all taxes on the use of road passenger transport is much lower than the amount of taxes paid on transporting passengers by car. The goal of this study is to design a method of analyzing the fiscal value of taxes in the cost of owning and operating road passenger transport in Russia. Â© 2017 WIT Press.

MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF THE FLOOD RISK AT CAVAILLON CITY, HAITI

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:20:00 +0100

Inland navigation networks are composed of several artificial canals, usually characterized by no slope. These canals are large-scale systems that can be accurately described by means of the nonlinear Saint-Venant partial differential equations. However, the lack of an analytical solution for these equations is one of the reasons why simplified models have been developed. In this work, the Integrator-Delay-Zero model is used as the input-output model to link the water depths to the discharges. A modeling extension for a canal with inflows and outflows along the water stream is proposed: an overlapping problem is discussed and a criterion choice is defined in order to obtain the general model. With regard to this criterion, a calibration step is needed, both to overcome the natural limitations of the simplified model and to ensure the correct computation of the general model. The application of this modeling approach to a part of the inland navigation network in the north of France serves as the case study for this work. Les voies navigables sont des rÃ©seaux de grandes tailles composÃ©s de plusieurs riviÃ¨res canalisÃ©es mais Ã©galement de canaux artificiels. Ces canaux, dÃ©limitÃ©s par des Ã©cluses en amont et en aval, sont souvent caractÃ©risÃ©s par l'absence de pente. Ils sont donc particuliÃ¨rement sujets Ã des phÃ©nomÃ¨nes de rÃ©sonance qui se caractÃ©risent par l'apparition de vagues de grandes amplitudes provoquÃ©es par l'activation des Ã©cluses. Pour modÃ©liser ces phÃ©nomÃ¨nes, il est possible d'utiliser les Ã©quations de Saint Venant (Chow, 1959). Cependant, leur utilisation pour la conception de lois de commande ou de stratÃ©gies de diagnostic des ouvrages reste difficile par la nature mÃªme du systÃ¨me considÃ©rÃ©. Une alternative consiste en la conception de modÃ¨les simplifiÃ©s tels que le modÃ¨le IDZ (Integrator-Delay-Zero) proposÃ© dans la littÃ©rature (Litrico & Fromion, 2004). Il s'agit d'un modÃ¨le permettant de reproduire la dynamique entrÃ©e-sortie des canaux en prÃ©disant l'effet des dÃ©bits en amont et en aval du canal Ã©tudiÃ© sur ses hauteurs d'eau mesurÃ©es aux mÃªmes endroits. Dans cet article, une extension de ce modÃ¨le est proposÃ©e avec l'objectif de pouvoir prendre en compte plusieurs entrÃ©es et sorties situÃ©es le long d'un mÃªme canal. La mÃ©thode permettant l'identification des paramÃ¨tres du modÃ¨le IDZ conduit alors Ã des redondances de calcul. Ce problÃ¨me est mis en Ã©vidence et discutÃ©, puis une solution basÃ©e sur un critÃ¨re de sÃ©lection des paramÃ¨tres est proposÃ©e. Dans un deuxiÃ¨me temps, afin de pouvoir reproduire au mieux la dynamique rÃ©elle des canaux de navigation sans pente, en particulier la forte amplitude du premier pic de rÃ©sonance, une phase de calage du modÃ¨le est prÃ©sentÃ©e. Elle consiste Ã introduire deux coefficients conduisant Ã une modification lÃ©gÃ¨re des valeurs du ZÃ©ro et de l'IntÃ©grateur du modÃ¨le en tenant compte des sorties du modÃ¨le et des mesures disponibles. Le bief de voies navigables Cuinchy-Fontinettes situÃ© dans les Hauts-de-France permet d'illustrer cette dÃ©marche, puisqu'il a la particularitÃ© de pouvoir Ãªtre alimentÃ© par l'intermÃ©diaire d'une vanne situÃ©e environ au centre du bief. Les performances du modÃ¨le proposÃ© sont illustrÃ©es en reproduisant par simulation un scÃ©nario de fonctionnement rÃ©el

International Road Federation (IRF)

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:16:51 +0100

The IRF is a non-profit, non-political service organization whose purpose is to encourage better road and transportation systems worldwide and to help apply technology and management practices to give maximum economic and social returns from national road investments.